Involvement of the Cholinergic System and Periaqueductal Gray Matter in the Modulation of Tonic Immobility in the Guinea Pig

Monassi, Claudia Regina; Hoffmann, Anette; Menescal-de-Oliveira, Leda

doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00134-0

Cited by 55 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The midbrain PAG contains a range of nAChR and mAChR subtypes (Yasuda et al, 1993;Aubert et al, 1996). Microinjection of cholinergic agonists into the PAG produces analgesia and associated behavioral actions that are mediated by both nAChRs and mAChRs (Monassi et al, 1997;Guimarã es et al, 2000). However, the precise cellular mechanisms of action are unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

Muscarinic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission via Endocannabinoid Signalling in the Rat Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray

Lau

Vaughan²

2008

Mol Pharmacol

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The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is involved in organizing behavioral responses to threat, stress, and pain. These PAG functions are modulated by cholinergic agents. In the present study, we examined the cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in the PAG using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from rat midbrain slices. We found that the cholinergic agonist carbachol reduced the amplitude of evoked inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs and EPSCs, respectively) in all PAG neurons, and this was abolished by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. Carbachol increased the paired pulse ratio of evoked IPSCs and EPSCs, and it reduced the rate, but not the amplitude of spontaneous miniature IPSCs. The carbachol inhibition of evoked IPSCs was mimicked by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine and was reduced by the M1 and M1/M3 muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine, but not by the M2 and M4 antagonists gallamine and PD-102807 (3,6a,11,14-tetrahydro-9-methoxy-2-methyl-(12H)-isoquino [1,2-b]pyrrolo[3,2-f ][1,3]benzoxazine-1-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester). The carbachol inhibition of evoked IPSCs was reduced by the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonist AM251 (1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-1-piperidinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) and the diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin, and it was abolished in the presence of both AM251 and gallamine. The carbachol inhibition of evoked EPSCs was also reduced in the combined presence of gallamine and AM251. These results indicate that M1 induced inhibition of GABAergic transmission within the PAG is mediated via endocannabinoids, which are produced via the phospholipase C/DAG lipase pathway and activate presynaptic cannabinoid CB 1 receptors. Thus, presynaptic muscarinic modulation of PAG function is mediated indirectly by M1 receptor-induced endocannabinoid signaling and directly by M2 receptors.

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confidence: 99%

Muscarinic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission via Endocannabinoid Signalling in the Rat Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray

Lau

Vaughan²

2008

Mol Pharmacol

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“…Given many names, including animal hypnosis, tonic immobility and thanatosis (Gallup, 1974), this state is found in many different species, e.g. crayfish (Krasne and Wine, 1975), stick insect (Bässler, 1983), cricket (Nishino and Sakai, 1996), locust (Faisal and Matheson, 2001), toad (Gargaglioni et al, 2001) and guinea pig (Monassi et al, 1997). Knowledge of the neuronal basis of such states of reduced motor activity and responsiveness is limited.…”

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Mechanisms and significance of reduced activity and responsiveness in resting frog tadpoles

Lambert

Howard

Plant

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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where a weight attached to the mucus simulates the force as it hangs. Simulated attachment reduces responsiveness and spontaneous fictive swimming activity. We have recorded the activity and responses of trigeminal neurons innervating the cement gland. They are spontaneously active and simulating attachment results in a sustained increase in this activity. We propose that hanging from a mucus strand increases firing in cement gland afferents. This leads to tonic GABA inhibition that reduces tadpole activity and responses, and leads to fewer attacks by predators.

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“…O controle da IT envolve diversas estruturas do sistema nervoso central, tais como: área parabraquial lateral 61 da formação reticular (FR), substância cinzenta periaquedutal ventrolateral (SPAV) [62][63][64][65] , áreas do hipotálamo 66 , e amígdala central (AC) 65,[69][70][71][72] , sendo as duas últimas as mais estudadas. A SPAV é considerada a via final comum dos comportamentos defensivos e a AC é parte do sistema límbico.…”

Section: Neocórtex E Centro De Controle Da Itunclassified

“…A SPAV é considerada a via final comum dos comportamentos defensivos e a AC é parte do sistema límbico. A estimulação elétri-ca 65,[69][70][71][72] ou química 73,74 da SPAV potencializa a IT, enquanto a estimulação da AC modula essa resposta 75 . Segundo Klemm 75 , durante a "hipnose animal" o neocór-tex inibiria um centro de controle da IT (CCIT), com núcleos localizados principalmente na FR e SPA.…”

Section: Neocórtex E Centro De Controle Da Itunclassified

Hipnose, imobilidade tônica e eletroencefalograma

Cortez

Silva

2013

J. bras. psiquiatr.

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resuMo objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão sobre as características da atividade elétrica cerebral que acompanha a hipnose animal, estado induzido em laboratório em mamíferos por manipulações experimentais, bem como sobre as alterações encontradas no EEG durante o estado de hipnose, visando à discussão dos resultados encontrados na busca de evidências dos fundamentos filogenéticos que possam conduzir ao entendimento dos rudimentos neurais da hipnose humana. Método: Livros e bases eletrônicas de dados foram consultados. Critério de inclusão: artigos originais publicados entre 1966-2012. Critério de exclusão: artigos que se afastavam da visão eletroneurofisiológica da hipnose. resultados: Foram encontradas 662 referências, tendo sido selecionados os artigos e livros referenciados. Além desses artigos, foi incluído no estudo o artigo de Hoagland, publicado em 1928, que é um clássico na área de imobilidade tônica em vertebrados. Conclusões: O estado de hipnose humano resulta de processamentos em inúmeros circuitos paralelos distribuídos em uma complexa rede neuronal, envolvendo, dessa forma, uma ampla área do encéfalo. Na trajetória evolutiva, a grande ampliação dos recursos corticais pode ter tornado as respostas de imobilidade tônica passíveis de modulação consciente, respostas essas ainda presentes nos humanos e que se manifestam involuntariamente em situações de grande ameaça. Vários estudos têm evidenciado mecanismos neurofisiológicos capazes de reforçar a visão da hipnose não só como um eficiente recurso para procedimentos médicos e odontológicos, funcionando como auxiliar na analgesia e sedação, mas também como excelente ferramenta psicoterapêutica. aBstraCt objective: To present a revision on characteristics of electric brain activity accompanying the animal hypnosis, state induced in laboratory in mammals by means experimental manipulation, as well as on alterations found in EEG during hypnosis, aiming to find phylogenetic basis that could conduct us to the understanding of neural rudiments of the hypnosis state. Method: Books and electronics data basis were consulted. Inclusion criteria: original articles published between 1966-2012. Exclusion criteria: articles deviating from electro-neurophysiological hypnosis vision. results: It was found 662 articles in journals and books, and references show those chosen. In addition, we included the Hoagland' paper published in 1928, which is a classical paper about tonic immobility in vertebrates. Conclusions: Human hypnosis state results from processing of several parallel circuits distributed in a complex neuronal network, involving a wide area of encephalon. In the evolution, the enlargement of

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Involvement of the Cholinergic System and Periaqueductal Gray Matter in the Modulation of Tonic Immobility in the Guinea Pig

Cited by 55 publications

References 31 publications

Muscarinic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission via Endocannabinoid Signalling in the Rat Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray

Muscarinic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission via Endocannabinoid Signalling in the Rat Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray

Mechanisms and significance of reduced activity and responsiveness in resting frog tadpoles

Hipnose, imobilidade tônica e eletroencefalograma

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