Involvement of Trichoderma Trichothecenes in the Biocontrol Activity and Induction of Plant Defense-Related Genes

Malmierca, Mónica G.; Cardoza, Rosa E.; Alexander, Nancy J.; McCormick, Susan P.; Hermosa, Rosa; Monte, Enrique; Gutiérrez, Santiago

doi:10.1128/aem.00385-12

Cited by 152 publications

(158 citation statements)

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“…Trichoderma spp. also produce trichothecenes, such as trichodermin and harzianum A, via a TRI cluster that is significantly different from that of Fusarium TRI clusters (12,79). Deletion of Tri4, a Cyt P450 monooxygenase resulted in reduced antifungal activity of T. arundinaceum against B. cinerea and R. solani and also reduced induced resistance in tomato (79).…”

Section: Wwwannualreviewsorg • Trichoderma Research In the Genome Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A trichothecene-like (TRI) cluster has been identified in Trichoderma brevicompactum, producing the phytotoxin trichodermin (12). Trichoderma arundinaceum, in contrast, is beneficial to plants and produces harzianum A, a growth-promoting trichothecene (79). This is an example in which the same gene cluster in different species has been fine-tuned to the ecological needs of the producing strain.…”

Section: Secondary Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trichoderma Research in the Genome Era

Mukherjee

Horwitz

Herrera-Estrella³

et al. 2013

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

379

231

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Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture and industry as biopesticides and sources of enzymes, respectively. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of conidia and chlamydospores and in wild habitats by ascospores. Trichoderma species are efficient mycoparasites and prolific producers of secondary metabolites, some of which have clinical importance. However, the ecological or biological significance of this metabolite diversity is sorely lagging behind the chemical significance. Many strains produce elicitors and induce resistance in plants through colonization of roots. Seven species have now been sequenced. Comparison of a primarily saprophytic species with two mycoparasitic species has provided striking contrasts and has established that mycoparasitism is an ancestral trait of this genus. Among the interesting outcomes of genome comparison is the discovery of a vast repertoire of secondary metabolism pathways and of numerous small cysteine-rich secreted proteins. Genomics has also facilitated investigation of sexual crossing in Trichoderma reesei, suggesting the possibility of strain improvement through hybridization.

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Section: Wwwannualreviewsorg • Trichoderma Research In the Genome Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Secondary Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma Research in the Genome Era

Mukherjee

Horwitz

Herrera-Estrella³

et al. 2013

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

379

231

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“…In Trichoderma, TD is then oxygenated at C-2, C-11, and C-13 by a P450 monooxygenase encoded by tri4 (9,10) to give the intermediate isotrichodiol, which is nonenzymatically converted to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT). The oxygenation of these three carbons is a characteristic that Trichoderma shares with Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, and Trichothecium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These mutants also showed a decrease in the ability to induce the expression of tomato defense-related genes. The results of these studies led to the conclusion that HA plays an important function in the sensitization of Trichoderma-pretreated plants to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (10,19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum

Cardoza

McCormick

Malmierca

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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dTrichothecenes are fungal sesquiterpenoid compounds, the majority of which have phytotoxic activity. They contaminate food and feed stocks, resulting in potential harm to animals and human beings. Trichoderma brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum produce trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), respectively, two trichothecenes that show different bioactive properties. Both compounds have remarkable antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, but in addition, trichodermin is highly phytotoxic, while HA lacks this activity when analyzed in vivo. Analysis of Fusarium trichothecene intermediates led to the conclusion that most of them, with the exception of the hydrocarbon precursor trichodiene (TD), have a detectable phytotoxic activity which is not directly related to the structural complexity of the intermediate. In the present work, the HA intermediate 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) was produced by expression of the T. arundinaceum tri4 gene in a transgenic T. harzianum strain that already produces TD after transformation with the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene. Purified EPT did not show antifungal or phytotoxic activity, while purified HA showed both antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, the use of the transgenic T. harzianum tri4 strain induced a downregulation of defense-related genes in tomato plants and also downregulated plant genes involved in fungal root colonization. The production of EPT by the transgenic tri4 strain raised levels of erg1 expression and reduced squalene accumulation while not affecting levels of ergosterol. Together, these results indicate the complex interactions among trichothecene intermediates, fungal antagonists, and host plants.A number of Trichoderma species are known for the ability to act as important biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi (1, 2). Trichoderma species are able to act as biofertilizers, to induce plant defense responses, and to increase tolerance to abiotic stresses (3, 4). Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum also produce trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid compounds which are harmful to plants and to the animals which consume contaminated food or feed stocks. Several studies on the structure-activity relationships of Fusarium trichothecene toxins in alga, plant, and animal models (5-7) indicate that certain Fusarium trichothecenes and intermediates have different toxic effects. Using an Arabidopsis leaf assay, Desjardins and coworkers found that toxicity varied Ͼ200-fold between different trichothecene compounds, while trichodiene (TD), a hydrocarbon precursor, was not phytotoxic (6).Biosynthesis of trichothecenes starts with the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by the terpene cyclase trichodiene synthase encoded by tri5 (8), to produce TD. In Trichoderma, TD is then oxygenated at C-2, C-11, and C-13 by a P450 monooxygenase encoded by tri4 (9, 10) to give the intermediate isotrichodiol, which is nonenzymatically converted to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT). The oxygenation of these three carbons is a characteristic that Trichoderma...

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“…Pengendalian penyakit dengan menggunakan agens hayati, seperti Trichoderma, banyak dipilih karena berpotensi dalam mencegah maupun menekan perkembangan penyakit, terutama penyakit tular tanah, di samping itu dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap penyakit tertentu (Lorito, Woo, Harman, & Monte, 2010;Shores, Harman, & Mastouri, 2010; Contreras-Cornejo, Macías-Rodríguez, Beltrán-Peña, Herrera-Estrella, & López-Bucio, 2011; Malmierca et al, 2012;Mastouri, Bjorkman, & Harman, 2012). Agens hayati antagonis pada rizosfer lebih mudah berkembang dan mempertahankan diri, serta tidak membutuhkan waktu lama dalam beradaptasi sehingga memiliki peluang besar dalam mengendalikan patogen tular tanah (Soesanto, 2008).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Pengaruh Waktu Aplikasi dan Jenis Trichoderma terhadap Penyakit Jamur Akar Putih pada Bibit Tanaman Karet

Amaria

Wardiana

2014

JTIDP

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ABSTRAKPemanfaatan agens hayati berupa jamur antagonis Trichoderma mempunyai peluang dalam mencegah maupun menekan serangan jamur akar putih (JAP) pada bibit tanaman karet. Oleh karena itu, Trichoderma dapat diaplikasikan sebelum maupun setelah infeksi patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui waktu aplikasi dan jenis Trichoderma yang efektif dalam mengendalikan penyakit JAP pada bibit karet. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar (Balittri) Sukabumi, mulai bulan Mei sampai November 2013. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan acak kelompok faktorial dua faktor dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah dua waktu aplikasi Trichoderma (sebelum dan setelah infeksi patogen), faktor kedua adalah empat jenis Trichoderma (Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma amazonicum, dan Trichoderma atroviride). Di samping itu, digunakan petak kontrol (tanpa Trichoderma) untuk melihat efektif-tidaknya penggunaan Trichoderma. Bibit karet menggunakan klon AVROS 2037 hasil okulasi umur 3 bulan. Peubah yang diamati meliputi gejala penyakit JAP, masa inkubasi patogen, dan intensitas serangan JAP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pembibitan karet penggunaan agen hayati Trichoderma lebih efektif bila diaplikasikan sebelum ada infeksi patogen karena dapat memperpanjang masa inkubasi patogen dan menekan serangan JAP masing-masing 60,49 hari dan 78,36% dibandingkan kontrol, serta 51,62 hari dan 71,14% bila dibandingkan aplikasi setelah ada infeksi. Trichoderma yang diaplikasikan setelah infeksi patogen hanya efektif menekan serangan JAP sebesar 25% dibandingkan kontrol. T. virens dan T. amazonicum paling efektif bila diaplikasikan sebelum infeksi patogen, sedangkan apabila tanaman telah terinfeksi patogen maka dianjurkan menggunakan T. virens, T. amazonicum, atau T. atroviride.Kata kunci: Karet, jamur akar putih, Trichoderma, intensitas serangan, masa inkubasi patogen ABSTRACT The utilization of biological agents such as fungal antagonist of Trichoderma has the opportunity to prevent and suppress the attacks of white root diseases (JAP) in rubber seedlings. Therefore, Trichoderma can be applied before or after pathogen infection. The objectives of this study were to determine the application time and Trichoderma types which effective in controlling white root fungi in rubber seedlings. The research was carried out in the Screen house of Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from May to November 2013. The randomized complete block design in factorial two factors and three replications was used in this study. The first factor: two times of

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Involvement of Trichoderma Trichothecenes in the Biocontrol Activity and Induction of Plant Defense-Related Genes

Cited by 152 publications

References 54 publications

Trichoderma Research in the Genome Era

Trichoderma Research in the Genome Era

Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum

Pengaruh Waktu Aplikasi dan Jenis Trichoderma terhadap Penyakit Jamur Akar Putih pada Bibit Tanaman Karet

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