Inward, Outward, and Upward: Cognitive Aspects of Prayer

Ladd, Kevin L.; Spilka, Bernard

doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00131

Cited by 140 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…There was a main effect of the eight Prayer Thoughts scales, indicating that people in the sample prayed about a wide variety of different content, F omnibus (7, 238) ϭ 21.51, p Ͻ .001, 2 ϭ .39, consistent with previous work (Ladd & Spilka, 2002). …”

Section: Prayer Contentsupporting

confidence: 88%

Neuroimaging of prayer: Questions of validity.

Ladd¹,

Cook²,

Foreman³

et al. 2015

Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

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Studies investigating the brain in relation to religious experiences via neuroimaging tools have increased considerably. Most assume without verification that religious experience (e.g., prayer) while inside an imaging machine is the same as in normal settings. Addressing the validity of this assumption, we utilized a mock fMRI to compare self-reported typical prayer experience and 3 experimental conditions (silent room, initial fMRI, and acclimated fMRI). Forty-two individuals participated. In multiple aspects the "typical" and silent room conditions were indistinguishable; however, typical and fMRI conditions differed significantly. In sum, it was not clear what previous studies measured. These findings highlight the need for imaging research exploring religious experiences to include thorough debriefing protocols to disambiguate interpretations and facilitate meta-analytic efforts.

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Section: Prayer Contentsupporting

confidence: 88%

Neuroimaging of prayer: Questions of validity.

Ladd¹,

Cook²,

Foreman³

et al. 2015

Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

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show abstract

“…This model stands in the same tradition as the models proposed by Poloma and Pendleton (1989) and by Ladd and Spilka (2002), but offers a rationale for classification rooted in a wider and coherent theory of individual differences. Drawing on data provided by 1,476 newly ordained Anglican clergy in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, the study has Psychological type and prayer preferences 18 proposed eight seven-item prayer preference scales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, in place of temperament, it is proposed to assess prayer preferences in terms of the eight discrete concepts proposed by psychological type theory: extraversion, introversion, sensing, intuition, thinking, feeling, perceiving, and judging. Second, it is proposed to operationalise these eight prayer preferences as an original way of describing individual differences in prayer and as an alternative framework to the kind of frameworks previously proposed, for example, by Poloma and Pendleton (1989) and by Ladd and Spilka (2002) as described above. Third, it is hypothesised that, although prayer preferences may be properly and helpfully understood in terms of the powerful description of individual differences proposed by psychological type theory, such preferences are much more than a simple projection of an individual"s basic psychological type.…”

Section: Psychological Type and Prayermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological type and prayer preferences: A study among Anglican clergy in the United Kingdom

Francis

Robbins

2008

Mental Health, Religion & Culture

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st\c\articles\mydocs\mr\psych type and prayer Psychological type and prayer preferences 2 SummaryThis study applies the framework of Jungian psychological type theory to define eight aspects of prayer preference, namely: introverted prayer, extraverted prayer, sensing prayer, intuitive prayer, feeling prayer, thinking prayer, judging prayer, and perceiving prayer. On the basis of data provided by 1,476 newly ordained Anglican clergy from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales eight seven-item scales were developed to access these aspects of prayer preferences.Significant correlations were found between each prayer preference and the relevant aspect of psychological type accessed by the Keirsey Temperament Sorter. These data support the theory that psychological type influences the way in which people pray.Psychological type and prayer preferences 3 Psychological type and prayer preferences:A study among Anglican clergy in the United KingdomThe study of prayer played a central and formative role in the early empirical, scientific and statistical examination of religion during the later half of the nineteenth century.Galton"s pioneering statistical enquiries regarding the subjective effects of prayer on those doing the praying and the objective effects of prayer on those for whom prayers were offered generated considerable interest and debate (see Galton, 1869Galton, , 1872Galton, , 1883Means, 1876).Compared with this early and promising start, several commentators writing a century later noted the lack of contemporary research building on this pioneering tradition (see Finney & Maloney, 1985;Hood, Morris, & Watson, 1987Poloma & Pendleton, 1989;Janssen, de Hart, & den Draak, 1989). During the 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century, however, renewed interest has emerged in the empirical investigation of prayer in general and within the psychology of religion in particular, as illustrated, for example, by Current research within the psychology of prayer is beginning to develop the field in two significant ways. The first development concerns the definition and operationalisation of prayer in more nuanced and in more subtle ways than could be achieved by the relatively simple measurement of prayer frequency. The second development concerns the contextualisation of prayer research within frameworks proposed by coherent models of personality and individual differences. The intention of the present discussion is to illustrate these two significant developments and then to build on them in a novel manner. Types of prayerPsychological type and prayer preferences 4

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“…One of the oldest methods to capture people's position concerning such practices is to evaluate how they use language to describe their experiences; what words and phrases do they use to explain themselves? Since prayer is a multidimensional psychological experience that people speak about using common language (Ladd & Spilka, 2002;Spilka & Ladd, 2013), we can use such a method to fine tune the comparison between BSR and SNR individuals. Prayer appears to contain at least eight empirically distinguishable elements on the basis of the language used: examination (self-reflection), intercession (for others), suffering (empathy), tears (contrition), rest (comfort), sacrament (adherence to tradition), petition (material needs), and radical (indignation).…”

Section: Substance Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Religious / Spiritual: Differences in Substance or Style? (Ser “Religioso/a” ou “Espiritualizado/a”: Diferenças Essenciais ou de Estilo?) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2012v10n28p1280

Ladd

Ladd²

2012

Horizonte

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While scholars debate the terms "spiritual" and "religious," people readily self-identify as "spiritual not religious (SNR)," "religious not spiritual (RNS)," "both spiritual and religious (BSR)," or "neither spiritual nor religious (NONE)." This study investigated how these self labels related to the substance and style of people's prayers and other faith-based features. Respondents (N = 103) completed an internet survey. RNS and NSR did not have enough respondents for analysis. BSR and SNR groups were indistinguishable with regard to the substance of their prayers and perceptions of God as loving or controlling. Likewise the two groups equally valued their faith positions as important for self-identity. BSR reported greater nearness to God. BSR and SNR respondents were significantly different on many style related characteristics (e.g., attendance at formal services; frequency and duration of prayer; age at first prayer). They were similar in their preferences for praying alone. These results suggest that the differences between claiming the designation of "religious" and / or "spiritual" may have more to do with the style than the substance of the faith system embraced. Palavras-chave:Religious. Spiritual. Prayer. Substance. Style. ResumoEnquanto estudiosos debatem os termos "espiritualizado/a" e "religioso/a", surgem no cenário pessoas que prontamente se auto-identificam como sendo "espiritualizadas mas não religiosos/as" (SNR) ou "religiosas mas não espiritualizadas" (RNS) ou ainda como sendo, simultaneamente, "espiritualizadas e religiosas" (BSR), ou então, "nem espiritualizadas nem religiosas (NONE). Este estudo investigou como estas categorias auto identificatórias relacionam-se à essência e estilo das orações das pessoas e outras características com base em crenças religiosas. Participantes (N = 103) responderam a uma pesquisa via internet. RNS e SNR não apresentaram respondentes suficientes para uma análise. Não houve distinção entre os BSR e SNR em relação à essência de suas orações e percepções de Deus como amor ou controle. Igualmente, os dois grupos valorizaram suas posições de fé para se auto-identificarem. BSR relataram maior proximidade de Deus. Os respondentes das categorias BSR e SNR foram significativamente diferentes em muitas características relacionadas aos estilos (por exemplo, frequência aos cultos; frequência e duração da oração; idade da primeira oração). Estes dois grupos foram semelhantes em suas preferências pela prática da oração a sós. Tais resultados sugerem que as diferenças que designam as categorias "espiritualizado/a" e/ou "religioso/a" podem ter mais a ver com o estilo do que a essência do sistema de fé abraçado.

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Inward, Outward, and Upward: Cognitive Aspects of Prayer

Cited by 140 publications

References 8 publications

Neuroimaging of prayer: Questions of validity.

Neuroimaging of prayer: Questions of validity.

Psychological type and prayer preferences: A study among Anglican clergy in the United Kingdom

Religious / Spiritual: Differences in Substance or Style? (Ser “Religioso/a” ou “Espiritualizado/a”: Diferenças Essenciais ou de Estilo?) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2012v10n28p1280

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