Ion solvation in carbonate-based lithium battery electrolyte solutions

A Review: CO2 Utilization

“…Pyrolysis, also called cracking or dry distillation, is to decompose hydrocarbons thermochemically at elevated temperature in the absences of oxygen (or any halogen) to produce hydrogen and char. A typical pyrolysis process is the cracking of methane proposed by Matovitch and further progresses by Steinberg (Steinberg, 1986;Ngoh and Njomo, 2012). This reaction is theoretically complete within around 1600°C and is presented below:…”

“…Another promising application for DMC is acting as an alternative solvent or additive according to its strong solvation force. For example, DMC can replace ketones and ester acetates in paints and adhesives (Keller et al, 2010); adding DMC to the electrolyte in a lithium ion battery significantly increases the conductivity as well as decreases the viscosity and resistance of electrolyte, thus improves the efficiency of electrochemical cycles (Berhil et al, 1995;Naejus et al, 1998).…”

“…Among them, water electrolysis is believed to be a potentially promising method to produce clean hydrogen since electricity can be supplied from renewable energy. Moreover, biomass decomposition is also a potential route to supply hydrogen under a net CO 2 reduction condition (Abbasi and Abbasi, 2011;Armaroli and Balzani, 2011a;Bičáková and Straka, 2012;Ngoh and Njomo, 2012;Pearson et al, 2012;Li et al, 2013).…”

“…Several parameters need to be concerned, such as the temperature, pressure and type of gas (air, vapor, O 2 , etc.) used in gasification (Shimura and Yoshida, 2011;Ngoh and Njomo, 2012).…”

“…The thermal energy transfer throughout the system in a narrow temperature range also restrains the efficiency. As a result, no viable process for hydrogen production by solar thermal system is commercialized so far (Abbasi and Abbasi, 2011;Armaroli and Balzani, 2011a;Ngoh and Njomo, 2012). Solar hydrogen via direct photoconversion (e.g., photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical, and photobiological processes) is nowadays well-developed and exhibits several advantages over solar thermal system such as simplicity and operation at mild conditions (Abbasi and Abbasi, 2011).…”