Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Coupled with HPLC and Artificial Neural Network Analysis for Ganoderma lucidum

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Ganoderic acid A and D are the main bioactive components with anticancer effects in G. lucidum. To obtain the maximum content of two compounds from G. lucidum, a novel extraction method, an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted method (ILUAE) was established. Ionic liquids (ILs) of different types and parameters, including the concentration of ILs, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, rotational speed, solid–liquid ratio, were optimized by the orthogonal experiment and variance analysis. Under these optimal conditions, the total extraction yield of the two compounds in G. lucidum was 3.31 mg/g, which is 36.21% higher than that of the traditional solvent extraction method. Subsequently, an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to model the performance of the total extraction yield. The Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation algorithm with the sigmoid transfer function (logsig) at the hidden layer and a linear transfer function (purelin) at the output layer were used. Results showed that single hidden layer with 9 neurons presented the best values for the mean squared error (MSE) and the correlation coefficient (R), with respectively corresponding values of 0.09622 and 0.93332.

Deciphering the chemical composition of Ganoderma lucidum from different geographical origins by mass spectrometry molecular networking coupled with multivariate analysis

“…Their anti‐inflammatory, anti‐tumor and anti‐viral properties indicate that they likely suppress multiple pathways, such as the NF‐κB pathway and the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway (Cahill et al, 2016; H. Li, Sun, et al, 2020; H. Liu et al, 2008; Tiedemann et al, 2008). Ganoderic acid A is a major bioactive component of G. lucidum and may be used to treat cancer, kidney diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases (Li, Cui, et al, 2020; Meng et al, 2020; Yu et al, 2020). However, additional research is necessary to identify new bioactive constituents and determine their mechanism of action.…”

“…Liu et al, 2008;Tiedemann et al, 2008). Ganoderic acid A is a major bioactive component of G. lucidum and may be used to treat cancer, kidney diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases (Li, Cui, et al, 2020;Meng et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2020). However, additional research is necessary to identify new bioactive constituents and determine their mechanism of action.…”

Simultaneous Extraction and Determination of Characteristic Steroidal Saponins and Homoisoflavonoids in Zhejiang Ophiopogon japonicus

“…Methanol was a common extraction solvent in the previous determination method; however, it is strongly discouraged in the extraction process owing to its high toxicity, strong volatility, and flammability. Recently, ionic liquid (IL) as a novel and eco-friendly type of solvent with good thermal stability and high solubility to different compounds has been exploited in extraction pretreatment for HPLC determination [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Additionally, an IL aqueous solution may be a good choice for two kinds of active constituent extraction [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Homogenate-Ultrasound-Assisted Ionic Liquid Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Selaginella involven: Process Optimization, Composition Identification, and Antioxidant Activity

“…12 In recent times, ILs have been widely applied in the extraction of natural products, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids. 13 The physical and chemical properties of ILs can be adjusted through the design of anions and cations so that ILs are able to infiltrate into the plant cell rapidly and dissolve the target compounds. 14 However, ILs also have some disadvantages, such as the long time to synthesize ILs.…”

“…The ionic liquid (IL), as a kind of green solvent, is a potential alternative for the conventional organic solvents owing to special characteristics, such as high polarity, strong solvent compatibility, low viscosity, and wonderful hydrophobicity . In recent times, ILs have been widely applied in the extraction of natural products, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids . The physical and chemical properties of ILs can be adjusted through the design of anions and cations so that ILs are able to infiltrate into the plant cell rapidly and dissolve the target compounds .…”