Ionic liquids as potentially hazardous pollutants: Evidences of their presence in the environment and recent analytical developments

Measurement of Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for Various Organic Solutes in Deep Eutectic Solvent (1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium Chloride + Ethylene Glycol) at Different Temperatures

“…The mentioned excess properties were obtained by fitting the natural logarithm of the experimental activity coefficients at infinite dilution, (6) where b represents intercepts, while a represents the slope in such ΔH i E,∞ = aR and ΔS i E,∞ = −bR. The Gibbs free energies were obtained using eq 7.…”

“…Due to several of their unique characteristics, such as high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, nonflammability, nontoxicity, and biodegradability, ILs are viewed as “green” substitutes for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) . However, these ILs have disadvantages, with notable drawbacks of these solvents including high expense in the synthesis due to considerable energy consumption throughout the procedure, and some of them being not biodegradable. − …”

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Affects Anaerobic Digestion through Altering Organics Transformation, Cell Viability, and Microbial Community

“…1,5 As a consequence, ILs are universally detected in both engineered and natural environ- ments like soils, sediments, surface, and groundwater. 6 For example, it is reported that ILs' level could reach 1−20 mg/L in the anaerobically engineered digesters treating ILs-pretreated biomass. 4,7 When ILs are used in wastewater treatment, sewage sludge demetallization, or dehydration, the concentration of heavily retained ILs could be up to a ppm level.…”

“…Generally, the low volatility of ILs makes them unlikely to act as air contaminants. However, due to their amphiphilicity, residual ILs from industrial applications may remain in engineered environments or enter into natural environments through industrial wastewater. , As a consequence, ILs are universally detected in both engineered and natural environments like soils, sediments, surface, and groundwater . For example, it is reported that ILs’ level could reach 1–20 mg/L in the anaerobically engineered digesters treating ILs-pretreated biomass. , When ILs are used in wastewater treatment, sewage sludge demetallization, or dehydration, the concentration of heavily retained ILs could be up to a ppm level. ,− In addition, at least 0.3 ppm of an IL (i.e., 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium) was detected in soils around a British urban waste site in 2020, and the IL was found to have the potential to trigger primary biliary cholangitis .…”

Ionic liquid gel microspheres as an emerging platform for constructing liquid compartment microreactors

“…[30][31][32][33][34] However, despite ILs being gen-erally considered to be a green solvent, the residual ILs remaining in the environment and the human body during practical application are revealed to be a non-negligible issue, due to their high viscosity, low degradability and poor recyclability. 35 As the carriers of ILs, IL-gels, especially ionic liquid microgels (IL-microgels), are beneficial for recycling, processing, storage and reducing ILs usage, and are consequently more in line with the green chemistry concept. To date, some research studies on bulk IL-gels have been conducted and they showed impressive potential in the fields of electronic technology, catalysis, biomedicine, and clean energy.…”