IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca

Abstract

Urban areas worldwide are in the race to become smarter, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is no exception. Many of these have envisaged a chance to establish devoted municipal access networks to assist all kinds of city administration and preserve services needing data connectivity. Organizations unanimously concentrate on sustainability issues with key features of general trends, particularly the combination of the 3Rs (reduce waste, reuse and recycle resources). This paper demonstrates how the incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) with data access networks, geographic information systems and combinatorial optimization can contribute to enhancing cities’ administration systems. A waste-gathering approach based on supplying smart bins is introduced by using an IoT prototype embedded with sensors, which can read and convey bin volume data over the Internet. However, from another perspective, the population and residents’ attitudes directly affect the control of the waste management system. The conventional waste collection system does not cover all areas in the city. It works based on a planned scheme that is implemented by the authorized organization focused on specific popular and formal areas. The conventional system cannot observe a real-time update of the bin status to recognize whether the waste level condition is ‘full,’ ‘not full,’ or ‘empty.’ This paper uses IoT in the container and trucks that secure the overflow and separation of waste. Waste source locations and population density influence the volume of waste generation, especially waste food, as it has the highest amount of waste generation. The open public area and the small space location problems are solved by proposing different truck sizes based on the waste type. Each container is used for one type of waste, such as food, plastic and others, and uses the optimization algorithm to calculate and find the optimal route toward the full waste container. In this work, the situations in KSA are evaluated, and relevant aspects are explored. Issues relating to the sustainability of organic waste management are conceptually analyzed. A genetic-based optimization algorithm for waste collection transportation enhances the performance of waste-gathering truck management. The selected routes based on the volume status and free spaces of the smart bins are the most effective through those obtainable towards the urgent smart bin targets. The proposed system outperforms other systems by reducing the number of locations and smart bins that have to be visited by 46% for all waste types, whereas the conventional and existing systems have to visit all locations every day, resulting in high cost and consumption time.

Smart Waste Management System for Smart & Sustainable City of Indonesia’s New State Capital: A Literature Review

“…It serves as the brain of the smart bins as the central processing unit, coordinating and controlling various functions within the system to ensure efficient operation and communication for all the embedded sensors. The most used type of microcontroller is Arduino Uno [16,19,23,28,38,[42][43][44]. Another type of microcontroller that can be used is Raspberry Pi [11].…”

“…Emphasizing sensing, monitoring, and optimizing waste management, the system facilitates real-time monitoring. The waste management station processes data collected from IoT devices, providing valuable insights for decision-making within the intelligent waste management system [28]. This comprehensive approach enables municipalities to achieve economically, socially, and environmentally sound waste management.…”

Global Models of Smart Cities and Potential IoT Applications: A Review

“…Recycling robots: deploy robots to sort and separate recyclable materials from general waste [24]. Smart bins: install smart bins that use sensors to detect when they are full and send alerts to waste collection teams [25]. Waste-to-energy systems: convert waste into energy through incineration, gasification, or anaerobic digestion [25].…”

“…IoT (Internet of Things): 4G LTE is used to connect a wide variety of IoT devices, such as smart home devices, wearables, and industrial sensors. This allows these devices to communicate with each other and with the cloud [25].…”

“…Smart waste management: the city will use sensors to monitor waste levels in bins and optimize collection schedules, reducing the amount of waste that goes to landfills [25,235].…”