IPv6 Routing Protocol Enhancements over Low-power and Lossy Networks for IoT Applications: A Systematic Review

Ekpenyong, Moses E.; Asuquo, Daniel E.; Udo, Ifiok J.; Robinson, Samuel; Ijebu, Francis Funebi

doi:10.1080/13614576.2022.2078396

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…This article, however, does not address the quality of service (QoS) factors. In their publication [15], the authors introduced a content-centric optical flow (OF) approach, which included supplementary mobility capabilities. Their findings demonstrated enhancements in both the ratio of successfully received packets from end to end and the delay in transmitting data, compared to the standard Open Flow protocol.…”

Section: Weaknessesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various methods, such as CTP, Hydro, Hilow, and Dymo-low, have been developed by researchers to improve the compatibility of 6LoWPAN with low-power and lossy networks [8,9]. The introduction of RPL was explicitly aimed at achieving this purpose, as stated in the references [15,23]. Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPL), which employs Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), is founded on the distance vector algorithm as described in the survey conducted by [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multi path routing protocol with efficient energy consumption in IoT applications real time traffic

Abujassar

2024

J Wireless Com Network

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The extensive utilization of IoT applications leads to the aggregation of a substantial volume of data, presenting a crucial challenge in terms of data routing within these networks. RPL intentionally surpasses the limitations sometimes observed in low-power and lossy networks, which are particularly prevalent in IoT networks. The RPL protocol is designed specifically for static networks that do not involve mobility or topological changes. The RPL protocol guarantees continuous connectivity between nodes and mitigates the risk of data loss in stationary IoT applications that do not involve mobility or alterations in network configuration. The article utilizes a mobility aid technology known as network performance stability using the intelligent routing protocol (nPSIR), which expands upon RPL. The Mobility Support Entity (nPSIR) facilitates the displacement of all nodes, with the exception of the root node, and ensures uninterrupted connection during mobility. Moreover, it deals with the situation where there is a physical barrier between two interconnected nodes in a changing environment. In order to achieve this objective, it employs a dynamic trickle timer that operates within two distinct ranges. Furthermore, it utilizes a neighbor link quality table, a mechanism for selecting the most beneficial parent node in the event of migration, a measure of confidence, the identification of crucial regions, and a blacklist. Multiple simulations validate that nPSIR effectively decreases hand-off delay and improves packet delivery, despite the minor drawbacks of increased signaling costs and power consumption. The delivery ratio decreases the quantity of lost data packets and surpasses both RPL as a responsive protocol and mRPL as a proactive protocol in relation to mobility.

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Section: Weaknessesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi path routing protocol with efficient energy consumption in IoT applications real time traffic

Abujassar

2024

J Wireless Com Network

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“…In an IoT network interoperability among different nodes and technologies is essential; hence RPL has provided some guidelines for overcoming such challenges of issues based on interoperability. IoT networks need to integrate software and hardware side because they might belong to different vendors (9) . Therefore, the integration of these two domains is a prime issue that needs to be resolved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive RPL Routing Optimization Model for Multimedia Data Transmission using IOT

Shashidhar,

Thanuja,

Kunabeva

2024

IJST

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Objectives: The main objectives of this research endeavor encompass the development of the Adaptive RPL Optimization (ARPLO) model to enhance data transmission efficiency within IoT networks. This includes constructing a grid-based network structure optimized for data transfer, selecting the most suitable nodes as grid head nodes to maximize network lifespan while minimizing energy consumption, implementing an innovative objective function-driven approach to optimize parent node selection, and integrating an Adaptive Deep Neural Network (ADNN) to accurately classify medical data. Methods: The research methodology entails several key steps. A grid-based network structure is established with IoT nodes and root nodes, where a DODAG process incorporating DIO messages is utilized for node ranking. To enhance energy efficiency, the Trickle algorithm is employed for control message optimization. Grid head nodes are chosen based on metrics such as root node fairness, residual energy, and load influence index. The novel Middle Order Optimal Routing (MOOR) objective function is utilized to optimize routing decisions. ADNN is implemented for precise medical data classification. The proposed model's performance is evaluated through simulation in a Python environment. Findings: The research findings demonstrate that the ARPLO model yields notable benefits compared to existing models. It achieves higher energy efficiency, improved throughput, enhanced packet delivery ratio (PDR), and an extended network lifespan. The Trickle algorithm contributes to efficient control message optimization. The MOOR-based routing approach improves multimedia medical data transfer. Moreover, the integration of ADNN enhances the accuracy of data classification, particularly in healthcare applications. The research outcomes align with the broader field's existing values and reports while offering novel insights that contribute to enhancing the existing knowledge base. ARPLO protocol performance reveals that there is increase of throughput of 31.2%, PDR by 7.12%, lifetime of 10.7 % with reduction of energy consumption by 12.72%, control overhead by 31.01% and end-to-end delay by 33.01%. Novelty: The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach that integrates a grid-based network structure, MOOR-based optimization, and ADNN-based classification. The incorporation of the Trickle algorithm for energy-efficient communication is an innovative feature. The introduction of new metrics for grid head node selection, along with the application of the MOOR objective function for multimedia medical data routing, showcases the research's innovative contributions. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), RPL (Routing Protocol for LowPower and Lossy Networks), Optimization, Routing, Multimedia, Healthcare

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“…Despite several advantages, IoT networks face numerous challenges due to having limited resources in terms of processing power, memory and energy. IoT networks often operate on Low-power and Lossy wireless Networks (LLN) [5,6]. Traditional protocols optimized for wired or high-bandwidth networks may not be suitable for the intermittent connectivity, high packet loss and constrained energy of IoT environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collaborative Detection and Prevention of Sybil Attacks against RPL-Based Internet of Things

Khan,

Rais,

Khalid

2023

CMC

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The Internet of Things (IoT) comprises numerous resource-constrained devices that generate large volumes of data. The inherent vulnerabilities in IoT infrastructure, such as easily spoofed IP and MAC addresses, pose significant security challenges. Traditional routing protocols designed for wired or wireless networks may not be suitable for IoT networks due to their limitations. Therefore, the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is widely used in IoT systems. However, the built-in security mechanism of RPL is inadequate in defending against sophisticated routing attacks, including Sybil attacks. To address these issues, this paper proposes a centralized and collaborative approach for securing RPL-based IoT against Sybil attacks. The proposed approach consists of detection and prevention algorithms based on the Random Password Generation and comparison methodology (RPG). The detection algorithm verifies the passwords of communicating nodes before comparing their keys and constant IDs, while the prevention algorithm utilizes a delivery delay ratio to restrict the participation of sensor nodes in communication. Through simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves better results compared to distributed defense mechanisms in terms of throughput, average delivery delay and detection rate. Moreover, the proposed countermeasure effectively mitigates brute-force and side-channel attacks in addition to Sybil attacks. The findings suggest that implementing the RPG-based detection and prevention algorithms can provide robust security for RPL-based IoT networks.

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IPv6 Routing Protocol Enhancements over Low-power and Lossy Networks for IoT Applications: A Systematic Review

Cited by 17 publications

References 104 publications

A multi path routing protocol with efficient energy consumption in IoT applications real time traffic

A multi path routing protocol with efficient energy consumption in IoT applications real time traffic

Adaptive RPL Routing Optimization Model for Multimedia Data Transmission using IOT

Collaborative Detection and Prevention of Sybil Attacks against RPL-Based Internet of Things

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