IR and UV/VIS Spectroscopic Characterization of the Higher Fullerene C₇₆-D₂ for Its Quantitative and Qualitative Determination

Abstract

The only stable isomer of the higher fullerene C76 of D2 symmetry was isolated from carbon soot by the new and advanced extraction and chromatographic methods and processes. Characterization of the isolated C76-D2 was performed by the IR(KBr) and UV/VIS method in the absorption mode. All of the experimentally observed infrared and electronic absorption bands are in excellent agreement with the theoretical calculations for this fullerene. The molar absorptivity ε and the integrated molar absorptivity Ψ of the observed entire new series of various characteristic, both deconvoluted and convoluted IR absorption bands of the C76-D2 isomer, in different integration ranges were determined. In addition, the molar extinction coefficients of its UV/VIS absorption bands were determined. The obtained novel IR and UV/VIS spectroscopic parameters are significant for the quantitative assessment of C76-D2. All the presented data are important both for its qualitative and quantitative determination, either in natural resources on Earth and in space or in artificially synthesized materials, electronic and optical devices, optical limiters, sensors, polymers, solar cells, nanophotonic lenses, diagnostic and therapeutic agents, pharmaceutical substances, for targeted drug delivery, incorporation of metal atoms, in biomedical engineering, industry, applied optical science, batteries, catalysts and so forth.

Determination of New IR and UV/VIS Spectroscopic Parameters of the C84-D2:22 Isomer for Its Quantitative Assessment, Identification and Possible Applications

“…All of the experimentally observed IR and UV/VIS maxima [20][21][22] and the general pattern of the obtained spectra of the isolated C 84 -D 2 :22 samples from our research, which showed similar properties [20,21,26,27,[36][37][38][39][40][41]43], are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions for this fullerene, with numerous possible absorption bands [20,21,26,27,[36][37][38][39][40][41]43,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64].…”

“…The presence of the basic fullerenes was confirmed in various space environments, objects and their shells [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], as well as in the interstellar medium [9][10][11] and some resources on Earth [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], by means of IR and UV/VIS spectroscopy .…”

“…It can be assumed that the higher fullerenes also exist in space, due to their extraordinary thermodynamic stability, persistence toward high energy γ radiation [19][20][21][22][23][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] and corpuscular collisions. Their formation is possible through the coalescence of smaller carbon clusters [22,23], as well as by decomposition of some derivatives, such as dehydrogenation of hydrogenated fullerenes, fulleranes [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

“…Applications of the infrared and electronic absorption spectroscopy for the identification of C 60 and C 70 and the higher fullerenes [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72], such as the only stable C 76 -D 2 isomer [54][55][56][57][62][63][64] and C 84 -D 2 :22, the most abundant, stable C 84 isomer of D 2 symmetry [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64], isolated by the new, improved extraction and chromatographic methods and processes from the carbon soot [20][21][22][23][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43], ...…”

“…In the previous study [22,23] and this study, the molar absorptivity and the integrated molar absorptivity of the observed entire series of a larger number, then formerly [20,21], of various characteristic and new completely separated IR absorption maxima and shoulders of the higher fullerenes C 76 -D 2 [22,23] and C 84 -D 2 :22, out of the numerous possible vibrational modes [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61], were determined.…”