“…4,5 Due to the problems of H 2 as a fuel in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), such as its transportation and storage, in recent years, researchers have focused on direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs). Different liquid fuels can be used in DLFCs, 6 such as ethanol, 7–9 methanol, 10–12 borohydride, 13,14 hydrazine, 15–17 and formate. 18,19 Ethanol oxidation has more steps than the methanol oxidation reaction.…”