Iron Absorption from Three Commercially Available Supplements in Gastrointestinal Cell Lines

Abstract

This study compares the absorption characteristics of two iron-based dietary supplements and their biocompatibility to bisglycinate iron, a common chelated iron form. The Caco-2 cell line—a model of human intestinal absorption—and GTL-16 cell line—a model of gastric epithelial cells—were used to perform the experiments; in the first experiments, the kinetics of absorption have been evaluated analyzing the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) expression. Three different iron combinations containing 50 µM iron (named Fisioeme®, Sideral® and bisglycinate) were used for different stimulation times (1–24 h). After this, the effects of the three iron formulations were assessed in both a short and a long time, in order to understand the extrusion mechanisms. The effects of the three different formulations were also analyzed at the end of stimulation period immediately after iron removal, and after some time in order to clarify whether the mechanisms were irreversibly activated. Findings obtained in this study demonstrate that Fisioeme® was able to maintain a significant beneficial effect on cell viability compared to control, to Sideral®, and to iron bisglycinate. This observation indicates that Fisioeme® formulation is the most suitable for gastric and intestinal epithelial cells.

A New Palmitoylethanolamide Form Combined with Antioxidant Molecules to Improve Its Effectivess on Neuronal Aging

“…Caco-2 cells, seeded on a transwell insert, were maintained in complete medium for 21 days [ 62 , 63 ] to induce differentiation of the cell, changing the culture medium every two days. After this time, cells were cultured under different pH conditions, with neutral pH (pH 7.4) in the basolateral chamber and acidic pH (pH 6.5) in the apical part [ 63 , 64 ]. Under these condition, PEA micronized, PEA FM alone and combined with lipoic acid and vitamin D3 were added to the apical environment in a time-course study (ranging from 1 h to 4 h), and, at each time point the intestinal absorption or bioavailability was detected by 0.04% fluorescein (sigma), a marker-dye applied to evaluate the transepithelial transport [ 65 ].…”

Study of Magnesium Formulations on Intestinal Cells to Influence Myometrium Cell Relaxation

“…Several transport mechanisms were proposed, e.g., a proton-driven luminal Mg 2+ carrier or channel [48]. A big concentration of magnesium is absorbed in the small intestine via a passive paracellular mechanism, which relies on tight junction permeability [39]. Magnesium regulatory fraction is transported via transcellular transporter TRMP7, a member of the long transient receptor potential channel family, which also plays an important role in intestinal calcium absorption [49].…”

“…At the end of stimulations, 100 µL of supernatant was measured at 550 nm using a spectrometer (VICTOR X4, multilabel plate reader). O 2 was expressed as the mean ± SD (%) of nanomoles per reduced cytochrome C per micrograms of protein compared to control [39].…”

“…Caco-2 cells, seeded on a transwell insert, were maintained in complete medium for 21 days [37,38] to induce differentiation of the cell, changing the culture medium every two days. After this time, cells were cultured under different pH conditions, with neutral pH (pH 7.4) in the basolateral chamber and acidic pH (pH 6.5) in the apical part [38,39]. Under this condition, both 1 mM MB and 1 mM UM were added to the apical environment in a time-course study (ranging from 1 h to 4 h), and, at each time point, the magnesium quantity at the basolateral level was determined by a Magnesium Assay Kit (Sigma-Aldrich), following the manufacturer's instructions.…”

“…An MTT-based in vitro Toxicology Assay Kit (Sigma-Aldrich) was applied to a 96 well-plate as previously described [39] (see Appendix A.1).…”