Iron and macro-nutrient concentrations in sea ice and their impact on the nutritional status of surface waters in the southern Okhotsk Sea

Kanna, Naoya; Toyota, Takenobu; Nishioka, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.012

Cited by 54 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…These waste waters are discharged into the sea and the pollution greatly affects the ecological balance of this zone, plus the yields of fish and seafood toward biological accumulation [93]. Moreover, Fe is usually present in extremely low concentrations in oceanic surface waters and is one of the elements that limit phytoplankton growth [94].…”

Section: Origin Of Trace Element Loading In Surface Waters In Three Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Waters of Three Coastal Areas of Tunisia

Drira¹,

Sahnoun²,

Ayadi³

2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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The concentrations of selected dissolved trace elements (Ni 446-919 µg L -1 , Pb 383-1015, Fe 195-739, Cu 217-318, Cr 156-336, Zn 9-236, Mn 0-187, Co 0-310, and Cd 26-77) were assessed in the surface water of 30 stations belonging to three coastal areas along the Gulf of Gabes, i.e., the southern (stations 1-10) and northern (stations 11-20) coastal areas of Sfax and the Ghannouch area (stations 21-30) during October and November 2014. Results showed that dissolved metals in surface waters, which were analyzed by means of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, followed the concentration levels (Pb>Ni>Fe>Cu>Cr>Co>Mn>Cd>Zn) on the southern and (Ni>Pb>Fe>Cu>Cr>Zn>Mn>Co>Cd) on the northern coasts of Sfax, and (Ni> Fe>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn>Co>Cd>Mn) in the Ghannouch area. In the southern and the northern coasts of Sfax, all analyzed metals were detected in 100% of sampled stations except Co, which was revealed in 90 and 80% of stations, respectively. However, in the Ghannouch area all analyzed metals were detected in 100% of sampled stations except Mn, which was revealed in 70% of stations. These trace elements, except for Fe and Mn, exceeded the safety limit of the USEPA water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic fauna and flora survival and their uses. The Sfax and Ghannouch coastal areas should be considered relatively polluted with metals (Zn, Ni, Pb, Co, Cr, Cd, and Cu). The elevated metal contents were attributed to anthropogenic waste inputs around the study area. The main sources of Ni and Co loading in the seawater were the SIAPE phosphoric acid and fertilizer plant and a waste water treatment plant located close to station 1. Whereas the fishing harbor of Sfax, which is situated on the southern coast (station 9), is the second source of high amounts of Cd, Mn, Cr, and Pb. This situation has led to serious human health risks and chronic toxicity caused by their potential bioaccumulation in some aquatic fauna such as shrimp, fish, crab, shellfish, mollusk, and cephalopoda.

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Section: Origin Of Trace Element Loading In Surface Waters In Three Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Waters of Three Coastal Areas of Tunisia

Drira¹,

Sahnoun²,

Ayadi³

2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…Unconsolidated pancake ice was collected from a cage hanging over the sea ice (Station 486). The ice blocks were collected directly by hand, wearing cleanroom nitrile gloves and clean sleeves (Kanna et al, 2014). Semi-consolidated pancake ice (Station 488) and consolidated pancake ice (Station 489) were sampled from the cage using the TM-clean corer.…”

Section: Young Natural Ice Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Young ice was collected using a SIPRE-type corer (Kovacs, 9-cm internal diameter). Approximately 1.5 cm of the outer layer of the core was scraped off using a Ti-blade to collect the clean inner core section (Kanna et al, 2014). Grey ice was sampled using the Ti-coated handsaw directly from the ice edge.…”

Section: Young Natural Ice Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Janssens

Meiners

Tison

et al. 2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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This study reports concentrations of iron (Fe) and organic matter in young Antarctic pack ice and during its initial growth stages in situ. Although the importance of sea ice as an Fe reservoir for oceanic waters of the Southern Ocean has been clearly established, the processes leading to the enrichment of Fe in sea ice have yet to be investigated and quantified. We conducted two in situ sea-ice growth experiments during a winter cruise in the Weddell Sea. Our aim was to improve the understanding of the processes responsible for the accumulation of dissolved Fe (DFe) and particulate Fe (PFe) in sea ice, and of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, extracellular polymeric substances, inorganic macro-nutrients (silicic acid, nitrate and nitrite, phosphate and ammonium), chlorophyll a and bacteria. Enrichment indices, calculated for natural young ice and ice newly formed in situ, indicate that during Antarctic winter all of the measured forms of particulate matter were enriched in sea ice compared to underlying seawater, and that enrichment started from the initial stages of sea-ice formation. Some dissolved material (DFe and ammonium) was also enriched in the ice but at lower enrichment indices than the particulate phase, suggesting that size is a key factor for the incorporation of impurities in sea ice. Low chlorophyll a concentrations and the fit of the macro-nutrients (with the exception of ammonium) with their theoretical dilution lines indicated low biological activity in the ice. From these and additional results we conclude that physical processes are the dominant mechanisms leading to the enrichment of DFe, PFe, organic matter and bacteria in young sea ice, and that PFe and DFe are decoupled during sea-ice formation. Our study thus provides unique quantitative insight into the initial incorporation of impurities, in particular DFe and PFe, into Antarctic sea ice.

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“…Several studies have reported considerable enrichment of Fe in sea ice (Grotti et al, 2005;Lannuzel et al, 2007Lannuzel et al, , 2008Aguilar-Islas et al, 2008;Tovar-Sánchez et al, 2010;van der Merwe et al, 2011avan der Merwe et al, , 2011bde Jong et al, 2013de Jong et al, , 2015Kanna et al, 2014), but the processes driving these high concentrations are not well understood ( Janssens et al, 2016). The majority of Fe inputs to sea ice are believed to originate from the seawater (Lannuzel et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron in sea ice: Review and new insights

Lannuzel

Vancoppenolle

Merwe

et al. 2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

126

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The discovery that melting sea ice can fertilize iron (Fe)-depleted polar waters has recently fostered trace metal research efforts in sea ice. The aim of this review is to summarize and synthesize the current understanding of Fe biogeochemistry in sea ice. To do so, we compiled available data on particulate, dissolved, and total dissolvable Fe (PFe, DFe and TDFe, respectively) from sea-ice studies from both polar regions and from sub-Arctic and northern Hemisphere temperate areas. Data analysis focused on a circum-Antarctic Fe dataset derived from 61 ice cores collected during 10 field expeditions carried out between 1997 and 2012 in the Southern Ocean. Our key findings are that 1) concentrations of all forms of Fe (PFe, DFe, TDFe) are at least a magnitude larger in fast ice and pack ice than in typical Antarctic surface waters; 2) DFe, PFe and TDFe behave differently when plotted against sea-ice salinity, suggesting that their distributions in sea ice are driven by distinct, spatially and temporally decoupled processes; 3) DFe is actively extracted from seawater into growing sea ice; 4) fast ice generally has more Fe-bearing particles, a finding supported by the significant negative correlation observed between both PFe and TDFe concentrations in sea ice and water depth; 5) the Fe pool in sea ice is coupled to biota, as indicated by the positive correlations of PFe and TDFe with chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon; and 6) the vast majority of DFe appears to be adsorbed onto something in sea ice. This review also addresses the role of sea ice as a reservoir of Fe and its role in seeding seasonally ice-covered waters. We discuss the pivotal role of organic ligands in controlling DFe concentrations in sea ice and highlight the uncertainties that remain regarding the mechanisms of Fe incorporation in sea ice.

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Iron and macro-nutrient concentrations in sea ice and their impact on the nutritional status of surface waters in the southern Okhotsk Sea

Cited by 54 publications

References 54 publications

Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Waters of Three Coastal Areas of Tunisia

Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Waters of Three Coastal Areas of Tunisia

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Iron in sea ice: Review and new insights

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