Iron–Nitrogen Amendment Reduced Perfluoroalkyl Acids’ Phyto-Uptake in the Wheat–Soil Ecosystem: Contributions of Dissolved Organic Matters in Soil Solution and Root Extracellular Polymeric Substances

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms underlying perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) translocation, distribution, and accumulation in wheat–soil ecosystems is essential for agricultural soil pollution control and crop ecological risk assessment. This study systematically investigated the translocation of 13 PFAAs under different iron and nitrogen fertilization conditions in a wheat–soil ecosystem. Short-chain PFAAs including PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, and PFBS mostly accumulated in soil solution (10.43–55.33%) and soluble extracellular polymeric substances (S-EPS) (11.39–14.77%) by the adsorption to amino- (−NH2) and hydroxyl (−OH) groups in dissolved organic matter (DOM). Other PFAAs with longer carbon chain lengths were mostly distributed on the soil particle surface by hydrophobic actions (74.63–94.24%). Iron–nitrogen amendments triggered (p < 0.05) soil iron–nitrogen cycling, rhizospheric reactive oxygen species fluctuations, and the concentration increases of −NH2 and −OH in the DOM structure. Thus, the accumulation capacity of PFAAs in soil solution and root EPS was increased. In sum, PFAAs’ translocation from soil particles to wheat root was synergistically reduced by iron and nitrogen fertilization through increased adsorption of soil particles (p < 0.05) and the retention of soil solution and root EPSs. This study highlights the potential of iron–nitrogen amendments in decreasing the crop ecological risks to PFAAs’ pollution.