Iron quantification with susceptibility

Abstract

Iron is an essential trace element involved in a variety of biological mechanisms in the human body. Disturbances of iron homeostasis have been observed in several inflammatory and degenerative diseases, which have raised strong interest in non-invasive iron mapping techniques. Numerous MRI techniques have been proposed so far, mostly based on the field changes induced by the magnetic properties of iron. Each of these approaches has a specific sensitivity for iron and its microstructural environment. Quantitative susceptibility mapping is the latest development and provides a direct measure of bulk susceptibility. However, field changes induced by iron are not always directly related to the concentration of iron, but rather reflect the structure of iron compounds and its cellular distribution. This review provides an overview of the most relevant iron compounds in the human body, their magnetic properties and their cellular distribution. In addition, MRI methods based on direct or indirect susceptibility changes are presented and discussed with respect to technical aspects and clinical applicability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Deep gray matter iron measurement in patients with liver cirrhosis using quantitative susceptibility mapping: Relationship with pallidal T1 hyperintensity

“…Although susceptibility values have good correlation with iron deposition in deep gray matter, interpreting susceptibility values as a surrogate for tissue iron concentration requires care . In our results, other paramagnetic substances, such as manganese, should be considered .…”

“…Although susceptibility values have good correlation with iron deposition in deep gray matter, interpreting susceptibility values as a surrogate for tissue iron concentration requires care. 8,26,35 In our results, other paramagnetic substances, such as manganese, should be considered. 36 Because manganese has susceptibility similar to that of iron, 36 the susceptibility of the GP would increase with manganese concentration in patients with pallidal hyperintensity.…”

Automated adaptive preconditioner for quantitative susceptibility mapping

“…QSM has been an increasingly active field in MRI to a study tissue's magnetic susceptibility property, as summarized in recent review articles from many leading groups . Susceptibility changes in many pathological processes, including neurodegeneration, inflammation, hemorrhage, oxygenation, and calcification .…”

SHARQnet - Sophisticated Harmonic Artifact Reduction in Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network

“…Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a post-processing technique that extracts magnetic susceptibility from the phase of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal [1,2] and provides information about biological tissue properties, predominantly myelin [3] , iron [4] and calcium [5] . QSM has been used to study normal aging [6] , Huntington's Disease [7] , Multiple Sclerosis [8] , Alzheimer's Disease [9] and Parkinson's Disease [10] and allows unambiguous visualization [11] and differentiation of micro-bleeds from microcalcifications [12] .…”