Is a picture worth a thousand words? Evaluating the effectiveness of maps for delivering wildfire warning information

Cao, Yinghui; Boruff, Bryan; McNeill, Ilona M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.08.012

Cited by 65 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Clearly spell out all words, including the source of the message and timing (i.e., time zones) (Cao, Boruff and McNeill 2016;Bean et al 2016;Bennett 2015;Temnikova, Vieweg and Castillo 2015; Department of Justice 2012).…”

Section: Guidance On Short Message Alerting For Those Under Imminent mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Bean et al 2016). o Additionally, familiar terminology can include well-known (local) landmarks (e.g., national parks, road names [not mile markers], and suburbs) (Cao, Boruff and McNeill 2016;Kuligowski et al 2013;Hui et al 2012). The message providers may need to pilot test messages for particular audiences, and this can be done using language and readability testing (Kuligowski and Omori 2014).…”

Section: Guidance On Short Message Alerting For Those Under Imminent mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The message style is also important, especially in prompting public response (Wood et al 2015;Cao, Boruff and McNeill 2016). Certain words or phrases can be used to communicate the following:…”

Section: Guidance On Short Message Alerting For Those Under Imminent mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

Kuligowski¹,

Kimball²

2018

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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)'s Technical Investigation of the 2011 Joplin, MO tornado identified that no widely accepted standards exist for emergency communications in tornado events and more specifically, policies involving the use of communication systems to alert the public in advance of tornadoes. This publication provides evidence-based guidance for communities on the creation and provision of public alerts, including both alerts provided by outdoor siren (warning) systems and "short messages" sent by social media or other short message service (SMS) platforms. It is the hope that this guidance can eventually be used as input for standardization, through codes and standards, of the procedures and practices for outdoor siren systems and short message alerts used by communities across the United States. Standardization of emergency communication policies and procedures could occur at multiple levels, including among multiple jurisdictions, state-wide, regionally, or even nationally.This document begins with a brief background on alerting systems, focusing specifically on outdoor siren systems and short message alerts. The next section presents the methods used for the development of evidence-based guidance on public alerts, including methods for review of literature on public response to public alerting systems, the development of preliminary guidance based on these reviews, and the finalization of the guidance presented here in this report. Then, guidance for communities on the creation and provision of public alerts for those under imminent threat is presented. This document ends with a discussion on unanswered questions, providing opportunities for further research into various areas of public alerting.

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Section: Guidance On Short Message Alerting For Those Under Imminent mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Guidance On Short Message Alerting For Those Under Imminent mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

Kuligowski¹,

Kimball²

2018

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“…Im Vergleich zu textlichen Darstellungen handelt es sich bei kartografischen Risiko-und Gefahrendarstellungen um ein Kommunikationsmedium, das bei entsprechender Gestaltung ein hohes Maß an Interesse wecken sowie von einer großen Bandbreite an Personen interpretiert werden kann, und somit einerseits für eine effektive Informationsvermittlung sowie andererseits als einfach zugängliches Instrument zur Information der Bevölkerung über individuelle Hochwassersituationen geeignet ist (Bell und Tobin 2007;Cao et al 2016 Im Detail schreibt die Hochwasserrichtlinie für die Risikokarten folgende Inhalte vor: (1) Ausweisung der Anzahl der betroffenen Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner, (2) Art der wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten in den potenziell betroffenen Gebieten, (3) Anlagen gemäß Anhang I der Richtlinie 96/61/EG (Anlagen, die zu einer unbeabsichtigten Umweltverschmutzung führen können) sowie (4) weitere Informationen, die von den Mitgliedstaaten als sinnvoll erachtet werden (Europäische Kommission 2007). Die beschriebenen Vorgaben der HWRL wurden mittels § 55k des österreichischen Wasserrechtsgesetzes (Novelle 2011) in die nationale Gesetzgebung überführt.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Zielgruppenspezifische Darstellung von Hochwassergefahren und -risiko

Wenk

Neuhold

Fuchs

2018

Österr Wasser- und Abfallw

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Zusammenfassung Mittels der Richtlinie 2007/60/EG über die Bewertung und das Management von Hochwasserrisiken soll der Übergang vom Hochwasserschutz hin zum Hochwasserrisikomanagement in den Ländern der Europäischen Union forciert werden. Die Erstellung von Hochwassergefahren- und Hochwasserrisikokarten folgt dabei der Zielsetzung, einerseits eine weitgehend homogene Darstellung von Hochwassergefahren und Hochwasserrisiken als Planungsgrundlage für die Mitgliedstaaten hervorzugbringen und andererseits ein Instrument zur Information der Bevölkerung über die individuelle Hochwassersituation zu etablieren. Als Informationsmedium sollen die Karten zur Bewusstseinsbildung in der Bevölkerung beitragen und Entscheidungsträgerinnen und -trägern eine Grundlage für Entschlüsse liefern. Bezüglich der Ausgestaltung der Hochwassergefahren- und Risikokarten bietet die Umsetzung der Hochwasserrichtlinie Flexibilität, da die Richtlinie entsprechend dem Subsidiaritätsprinzip den Mitgliedstaaten nur wenige spezifische Vorgaben und mehrheitlich einen Rahmen für die Darstellung der Inhalte vorgibt. Im folgenden Beitrag wird deshalb anhand der Situation in Österreich aufgezeigt, dass verschiedene Endnutzer unterschiedliche Bedürfnisse an Karteninhalte haben, und wie diese unterschiedlichen Bedürfnisse bei der Kartenerstellung berücksichtigt werden können. Abschließend finden sich Empfehlungen für eine zielgruppenspezifische Optimierung der für die Republik Österreich vorhandenen Karteninhalte und -darstellungen.

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“…Volcanic hazard maps are created by scientists across the world, using a number of different types of datasets, methodologies, and approaches (Calder et al 2015). For example, a map could show only one volcanic hazard (e.g., ash fall), or multiple volcanic hazards (e.g., ash fall, lava flow, and ballistic ejecta).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More Than Meets the Eye: Volcanic Hazard Map Design and Visual Communication

Thompson

Lindsay

Leonard

2017

Advances in Volcanology

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Volcanic hazard maps depict areas that may be affected by dangerous volcanic processes, such as pyroclastic density currents, lava flows, lahars, and tephra fall. These visualisations of volcanic hazard information are used to communicate with a wide variety of audiences both during times of dormancy and volcanic crisis. Although most volcanic hazard maps show similar types of content, such as hazard footprints or zones, they vary greatly in communication style, appearance, and visual design. For example, maps for different volcanoes will use different combinations of graphics, symbols, colours, base maps, legends, and text. While this variety is a natural reflection of the diverse social, cultural, political, and volcanic settings in which the maps are created, crises and past work suggest that such visual design choices can potentially play an important role in volcanic crisis communication by influencing how people understand the hazard map and use it to make decisions. Map reading is a complex process, in which people construct meaning by interpreting the various visual representations within the context of their information needs, goals, knowledge, and experience. Visual design of the map and the characteristics of the hazard map audience can therefore influence how hazard maps are understood and applied. Here, we review case studies of volcanic crises and interdisciplinary research that addresses the relationship between hazard maps, visual design, and communication. Overall, this growing body of work suggests that volcanic hazard maps can be very useful visual tools for crisis communication if they are designed in a way that provides clear and useful information for the audience. Further, while it is important that each map is designed for its unique situation and setting, engaging with hazard map audiences to better understand their information needs and considering lessons learnt from interdisciplinary work on visual communication can help inform and guide knowledge exchange using maps.

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Is a picture worth a thousand words? Evaluating the effectiveness of maps for delivering wildfire warning information

Cited by 65 publications

References 34 publications

Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

Zielgruppenspezifische Darstellung von Hochwassergefahren und -risiko

More Than Meets the Eye: Volcanic Hazard Map Design and Visual Communication

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