Is color source retrieval sensitive to emotion? Electrophysiological evidence from old/new effects

ERP Characteristics of Inducing Rule Validity in Number Series Under Time Pressure

“…The waveforms were collapsed respectively for the trials correctly identifying each of the different task types as a function of time pressure. Since previous research showed that to ensure an adequate signal-to-noise ratio in the ERPs, there must be at least 16 artifact-free trials per condition (Herron et al., 2003; Minor & Herzmann, 2019; Ross et al., 2018; Yan et al., 2017; Ye et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2020), we did not analyze data from one participant whose grand-average trials were lower than 16 in more than one condition. The number of grand-average trials of others (excluding those with equipment problems or in which the participant failed to adhere to task guidance) were all above 25 trials per condition.…”

“…Electrophysiological analyses followed our previous studies and examples of others' works (Nie et al, 2014(Nie et al, , 2016(Nie et al, , 2019Nie & Yu, 2021;Picton et al, 2000;Ye et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2020). We followed our own prior research as well as others because we averaged the waveforms as others had, but our previous studies had focused upon memory rather than the current that focused on inductive reasoning task.…”

Professional discrepancies of doctors and lawyers in episodic memory: Modulations of professional morality and warning

“…This model proposes two independent processes engaged in episodic memory: familiarity (i.e., a relatively speedy and automatic process) and recollection (i.e., a slower, more deliberate, and controlled process). Compared with source memory, item memory relies more upon the familiarity‐based process; by contrast, source memory depends more on the recollection‐driven process (Hayes, Buchler, Stokes, Kragel, & Cabeza, 2011; Howes, Warren, Farmer, El‐Deredy, & Lewis, 2016; Nie, 2018; Osth, Fox, McKague, Heathcote, & Dennis, 2018; Rugg & Curran, 2007; Yonelinas, Aly, Wang, & Koen, 2010; Zhou, Nie, Xiao, Liu, & Deng, 2020).…”

“…Interestingly, explorations in source memory proclaim an opposite pattern, which is different from the null findings of the studies on item memory mentioned above. In these studies, the source memory is usually explored in paradigms like the sequential paradigm and the multi‐key paradigm, which are two widely employed paradigms to investigate source memory, or to distinguish item memory from source memory (Cycowicz & Friedman, 2003; Nie, 2018; Nie et al, 2013; Ventura‐Bort et al, 2016; Yick & Wilding, 2014; Zhou et al, 2020). In the sequential paradigm, participants are required to make two successive responses for one trail: retrieving the item itself and then recalling previously encoded context associated with it.…”

“…To be clear, if an item is identified as studied in the first response, a second response for retrieving its associated source is immediately required (Cycowicz & Friedman, 2003; Nie et al, 2013; Ventura‐Bort et al, 2016; Yick & Wilding, 2014). The multi‐key paradigm demands participants to decide what kind of encoding status an item is with or whether it is new (Nie, 2018; Zhou et al, 2020).…”