“…The so-called collisional scheme [5] and recombination scheme [6] have been demonstrated using soft X-ray lasing, and each of these schemes has been modified into sub-schemes, such as transient gain generation (see for example [7][8][9]). Recently, grazing incidence pumping [10,11] in the collisional scheme, and generation gain in transitions to ground states of ions pumped by very high intensity fs-lasers [12][13][14] have been demonstrated. These achievements have, in part, been stimulated by the first applications of soft X-ray lasers to soft X-ray microscopy, micro-holography, very high plasma density measurements and their potential applications to semiconductor surface studies, nano-lithography, dynamical response of semiconductors and biological cells, and a number of other applications.…”