Is orf infection a risk to expanding goat production in developing countries? A study from Lao PDR

Windsor, Peter; Nampanya, S.; Tagger, A.; Keonam, K.; Gerasimova, Maria; Putthana, V.; Bush, R. D.; Khounsy, Syseng

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.003

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is possible that goats brought into Laos from other counties were already exposed to the pathogens, or that travel and intensification of production has contributed to possible infection. Nevertheless, there appears a significant public health risk to goat farmers and possibly consumers within Vientiane Capital in Laos, as recently identified with Orf virus infection [ 4 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Goats are becoming increasingly important for smallholder food farming in Laos [ 3 , 4 ], providing livestock products that are perceived to require lower inputs than cattle and buffaloes. Furthermore, following regional economic growth there has been an increase in regional demand for goat meat in Vietnam and China, leading to rapidly increasing smallholder goat population and appearance of several commercial farms throughout Laos.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serosurveillance of Coxiellosis (Q-fever) and Brucellosis in goats in selected provinces of Lao People’s Democratic Republic

et al. 2018

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Goat raising is a growing industry in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, with minimal disease investigation to date, especially zoonoses. This study determined the proportional seropositivity of two zoonotic diseases: Q fever (causative agent Coxiella burnetii) and Brucellosis (Brucella species) in goats across five provinces (Vientiane Capital, Xayaboury, Xiengkhuang, Savannakhet and Attapeu). A total of 1458 goat serum samples were tested using commercial indirect ELISA for both pathogens, plus Rose Bengal agglutination test for Brucellosis. Overall individual seropositivity of C. burnetii was 4.1% and Brucella spp. was 1.4%. A multiple logistic regression model identified that province (Vientiane Capital, p = 0.05), breed (introduced Boer mixed breed, p = 0.006) and age (goats ≥3 years old, p = 0.014) were significant risk factors for C. burnetii seropositivity. The results of the survey indicated that province (Vientiane Capital, p<0.001), breed (introduced Boer mixed breed, p<0.001), production system (commercial, p<0.001), age (adult, p = 0.004), and farm size (large, 0.001) were all significant risk factors seropositivity for Brucella spp. It was concluded that Lao goats have been exposed to both C. burnetii and Brucella spp. however the risk of clinical disease has not yet been determined and there is an urgent need to determine human health risks and economic losses caused by Q fever and Brucellosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serosurveillance of Coxiellosis (Q-fever) and Brucellosis in goats in selected provinces of Lao People’s Democratic Republic

et al. 2018

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“…However, reports of other ruminant diseases are now emerging in Laos, including Orf virus infection and potential risks of Pestes des Petits Ruminants incursions in goats (Windsor et al . ). Veterinary authorities are increasingly challenged to consider managing these emerging disease risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…With increasing transboundary movements of ruminants in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) and to China, to meet expanding regional demand for meat, animal health authorities in Laos and surrounding countries are increasingly encouraging the use of routine vaccination against these priority diseases. However, reports of other ruminant diseases are now emerging in Laos, including Orf virus infection and potential risks of Pestes des Petits Ruminants incursions in goats (Windsor et al 2017). Veterinary authorities are increasingly challenged to consider managing these emerging disease risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Financial impact of an outbreak of clinically diagnosed blackleg – a case study from Lao PDR

Nampanya

Khounsy²,

Dhand

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Blackleg ( BL ) is an acute to peracute highly fatal infectious disease of mainly large ruminants characterised by lesions of myonecrosis caused by Clostridium chauvoei, usually presenting as a sudden onset of sporadic mortalities. In Southeast Asia, ‘ BL ’ is considered a cause of occasional outbreaks of a subacute febrile illness, although there are few published reports available. Investigation of a major outbreak of clinically diagnosed BL occurring in large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) in three neighbouring villages in central Laos in mid‐2017, was conducted to determine the financial impacts of BL on smallholder livelihoods. Owners of BL ‐infected large ruminants in the three affected villages were interviewed ( n = 27) and financial losses including losses due to mortality, morbidity and costs of treatments, were determined. The reports of clinical signs of subcutaneous swelling with palpable crepitus in febrile animals were considered consistent with a diagnosis of BL . The outbreak occurred in 47 of a total 449 households with large ruminants across the three villages, affecting 147 of a total population of 3505 ‘at risk’ large ruminants with 71 deaths reported. At the household level, the mean morbidity and mortality rates were 5 ± 4(95% CI : 3–6) and 3 ± 2(95% CI : 1–4) heads per household, respectively. The estimated financial losses due to BL per affected household was USD 822 ± 692(95% CI : 518–1125), being 122% of their annual household income from large ruminant sales. The comparison between the estimated losses due to BL per village and cost of annual BL vaccination programmes, indicated a potential economic benefit of USD 3.09 and USD 12.37 for every dollar invested in the vaccination programme, if BL outbreaks occur every 20 and 5 years, respectively. This study indicates that clinically diagnosed BL can cause significant losses to smallholder households, and requires Lao animal health authorities to consider vaccination interventions to prevent losses from re‐emergence of BL in the known endemically affected areas.

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“…However, the occurrence of similar endemic diseases and poor veterinary infrastructure may lead to PPR being missed or underdiagnosed. Differential diagnoses for PPR in Laos may include foot and mouth disease virus (FMD) (Nampanya et al., ), ovine parapoxvirus induced Contagious Ecthyma (Windsor et al., ), Coxiellosis (Burns et al., ), Brucellosis (Burns et al., ) and intestinal parasites (Windsor et al., ). Laos is considered as being “at risk” of PPRV incursion due to: proximity and trade with PPR‐endemic China; it is a landlocked country with “porous” borders enabling livestock trade between ASEAN countries; and the relatively poor veterinary infrastructure with suboptimal capacity to detect and respond to emergency and/or emerging disease outbreaks (Bastiaensen, Kamakawa, & Varas, ; Nampanya et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peste des Petits Ruminants ( PPR ) virus serological surveillance in goats in Lao PDR : Issues for disease eradication in a low‐resource disease‐free setting

Burns

Douangngeun

Theppangna

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important transboundary viral disease of goats. This study aimed to determine a baseline of serological evidence for Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in Lao goats. A total of 1,072 serum samples were collected by convenience sampling across five provinces in Laos and tested for antibody response to PPRV using a commercially available competitive ELISA. Positive antibody responses were found in 2.2% (95% CI 1.4, 3.2) of the samples. True prevalence calculations indicated a total overall sample prevalence of 1.7% (95% CI 0.9, 2.8). The highest provincial seroprevalences were Xiangkhouang (3.5%, 95% CI 1.6, 6.9) and Xayaboury (2.9% (95% CI 1.3, 5.7). There was no association between antibody response and each of the following factors: location, breed, gender or age. Considering the apparent absence of disease manifestation of PPR in Laos, likely explanations for the antibody positivity could include cross reaction to other Morbilliviruses such as Measles or Canine Distemper, importation of pre‐vaccinated goats, need for test cut‐off re‐evaluation to be region specific, or a subclinical and a less virulent circulating virus. This study highlights that the sampled Lao goat population is highly likely to be naïve to PPRV and therefore at risk of an outbreak, possibly by transboundary incursion of livestock from PPR endemic China. Further work is required in the testing of small ruminants in Laos that may eventually provide evidence for a status of freedom from disease, particularly in support of programs aimed at global PPR eradication.

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Is orf infection a risk to expanding goat production in developing countries? A study from Lao PDR

Cited by 21 publications

References 13 publications

Serosurveillance of Coxiellosis (Q-fever) and Brucellosis in goats in selected provinces of Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Serosurveillance of Coxiellosis (Q-fever) and Brucellosis in goats in selected provinces of Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Financial impact of an outbreak of clinically diagnosed blackleg – a case study from Lao PDR

Peste des Petits Ruminants ( PPR ) virus serological surveillance in goats in Lao PDR : Issues for disease eradication in a low‐resource disease‐free setting

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