“…Psychopathological research in the field also often faces the problem of being mainly confirmatory and rarely exploratory, partly because diagnoses are assumed a priori as providing vital support for further studies (Boudreau, Labrie, & Shaffer, 2009 Furthermore, the problem can be traced to the conceptual level, as the disease concept of misuse is more of a metaphor. In fact, it has been described as an analogy mistaken for a homology (Hellman, Schoenmakers, Nordstrom, & van Holst, 2013;Rantala & Sulkunen, 2012). Psychologist John Booth Davies (1997, p. 50) has labelled it as "the problem of reification, the process whereby a convenient semantic symbol becomes transmuted into an entity which is assumed to have actual existence".…”