Is the Enneagram Personality System an Effective Approach in Explaining Drug Addiction?

Abstract

Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between enneagram personality traits and the risk of drug addiction. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 160 participants (94 addicts and 66 non-addicts) answered the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) questionnaire. Patients were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method and non-addicts were selected among the family caregivers of the patients. At the baseline, the characteristics of the two groups were analyzed using the chi-square test and independent t-test. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to conduct the main analysis. Results: After adjustment for all demographics, the results showed a significant positive relationship between all personality types, except for type 3, and drug addiction (P < 0.05). The most important types explaining drug addiction included types 5, 4, and 1, in sequence. An increase in the scores of these personality types would increase the likelihood of risk by 22.5 to 41.5 times. Conclusions: Based on the fact that the enneagram system emphasizes the balance among the nine personality patterns as the underlying indicator of health, imbalances in each of the patterns could pave the way for drug addiction. While it seems that the enneagram system is an efficient model for explaining drug addiction, future studies can be useful.

Application of a Program to Improve Personal Development in Future Physical Education Teachers of the Degree in Education and Its Relationship with Wisdom

“…More specifically, we can see this in Table 1. Taking into consideration guidelines from various authors [41][42][43][44][45], the methodological process follows a sequence or structure that seeks to reduce, until their final elimination, those influences that harm the person, such as training the mind to stop living in the past or in the future, stop judging ourselves and others, letting go of control of what is not controllable and allow life to rule, learning to relativize what happens under the norms of human justice, seeking the elimination of dependencies towards people and means with sensationalist speeches that are not accompanied by positive final intention and do not convey solutions and seeking to prevent emotional moments and thoughts that may affect what is of great value in your life.…”

Application of a Program to Promote Personal Development and Self-Awareness in Future Physical Education Teachers of the Degree in Education and Its Relationship with Wisdom

“…Following guidelines from various authors [39][40][41][42][43], the methodological process follows a sequence or structure that seeks to reduce until eliminating what influences harming the person, and for this, trains the mind to stop living in the past or in the future, stop judging ourselves and others, let go of control of what is not controllable and allow life to rule, learn to relativize what happens under the norms and human justice, seek the elimination of dependencies towards people and means with sensationalist speeches that are not accompanied by positive final intention and do not convey solutions, and seeks to prevent emotional moments and thoughts that may affect what is of great value in your life.…”

Validity and reliability of enneagram personality types and subtypes inventory in a Turkish sample

“…Although academic psychologists/psychiatrists have not been sufficiently interested in this area (13), psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, Jungian therapy and developmental studies have been performed in EPT (6,7,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Moreover, ETs have been studied in cardiovascular diseases, obesity, chronic pain, and substance use disorders (18)(19)(20)(21) in general medicine. For the validation of ETs, some studies have been conducted in different cultures and countries (2,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28); however, we could not reach any inventory demonstrating both types and subtypes of EPT.…”