“…Existing studies on social participation among the elderly have mostly examined its consequences (Tomioka, Kurumatani, & Hosoi, 2016;Li, Jiang, Li, & Zhang, 2017;Tomioka, Kurumatani, & Hosoi, 2017). These studies come mostly from the medical science (Cacioppo, Catherine, Decety, Monteleone, & Nusbaum, 2009;Cotton et al, 2013;Luo, Hawkley, Waite, & Cacioppo, 2012) or social science fields (Baarsen, 2002;Fry & Debats, 2002;Şar, Göktürk, Tura, & Kazaz, 2012) and consider social participation as an independent variable that leads to various health-related outcome variables (Cornwell & Waite, 2009;Luo et al, 2012) or psychological wellness (Tiikkainen & Heikkinen, 2005). Studies have infrequently examined the contributing factors of social participation.…”