“…Universality comes about as the transverse resolution becomes higher and higher, with Q 2 , so that within the small area tested by the collision there is no difference whether the partons sampled there belong to the transverse gluon and quark density projection of any hadron species, or even of a nucleus. And saturation arises once the areal transverse parton density exceeds the resolution, leading to interfering QCD sub-amplitudes that do not reflect in the total cross section in a manner similar to the mere summation of separate 4 , resolved color charges [51,52,53,43,58,59,60]. The ideas of saturation and universality are motivated by HERA deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data [61] on the gluon distribution function shown in Fig.…”