Isolation and Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus Subgenotype VII.2/VIIi from Commercial Chicken and Swan in Malaysia

Abstract

Frequent Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks in poultry have been reported in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia. However, limited studies have been carried out on detecting the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from non-poultry birds. In this study, the detections of NDV were carried out using tissues samples from suspected ND cases from commercial chickens and swab samples of non-poultry birds captured in bird sanctuaries. Five samples from commercial chickens and one sample from black swans were found positive for ND. They were classified as velogenic NDV based on the partial sequencing of the fusion (F) gene, which revealed the amino acid motif on the F cleavage site of 112RRQKRF117. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on partial F gene showed that all NVD isolates are classified as class II genotype VII subgenotype VII.2 (VIIi) and are clustered together with NDVs isolated from chickens in 2017 in Indonesia. This finding indicates the occurrence of subgenotype VII.2 (VIIi) as the fifth panzootic of ND in Malaysia and the importance of the epidemiology of virulent NDV in various avian species.

Identification of Newcastle Disease Virus sub-genotype VII 1.1 isolated from chickens in Sabah, Malaysia

“…In Malaysia, the first ND outbreak was reported in Parit Buntar, Perak, in poultry flocks in 1934 (Mahamud et al, 2021). Since then, ND is considered endemic as it had caused major outbreaks not only in vaccinated chickens but also village chickens and non-poultry avian species (Shohaimi et al, 2015).…”

“…Since then, ND is considered endemic as it had caused major outbreaks not only in vaccinated chickens but also village chickens and non-poultry avian species (Shohaimi et al, 2015). Six genotypes (I, II, III, VI, VII and VIII) have been reported to circulate in Malaysia (Shohaimi et al, 2015;Mahamud et al, 2021). For the past 20 years, NDV genotype VII has been the predominant genotype in Malaysia (Tan et al, 2010;Berhanu et al, 2010;Shohaimi et al, 2015;Aljumaili et al, 2017;Syamsiah et al, 2021).…”