Isolation and Composition Analysis of Bioactive Glycosaminoglycans from Whelk

Abstract

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are found covalently attached to proteins, which create conjugates known as proteoglycans. GAGs have remarkable biological activity as co-receptors for a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. The present study identifies the key compositional differences between the GAGs isolated from whelk and mammalian GAGs. This polysaccharide represents a new, previously undescribed GAG with cytotoxic activity on cancer cells. Disaccharides were obtained by sample digestion with heparinases I, II, and III and chondroitinase ABC. The resistant oligosaccharides from whelk GAGs treated with heparinase I, II, and III and chondroitinase ABC were retained by the filter due to their larger size. Disaccharide analysis was performed using Glycan Reduction Isotope Labeling (GRIL LCQ-MS). The amounts of filter-retained fragments, as assessed by monosaccharides analysis, suggested that a proportion of the whelk GAG chains remained resistant to the enzymes used in the disaccharide analysis. Thus, the proportions of individual disaccharide produced in this analysis may not truly represent the overall proportions of disaccharide types within the intact whelk GAGs chain. However, they do serve as important descriptors for the classification and make-up of the anti-cancer GAGs chains. Furthermore, these data represent clear evidence of the compositional differences between whelk GAGs and commercial mammalian GAGs.

A Glycosaminoglycan Extract from Portunus pelagicus Inhibits BACE1, the β Secretase Implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease

“…reservoir for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, some of which have been identified to exhibit antiviral [29,30], anti-parasitic [31,32], anti-inflammatory [33,34], anti-metastasis [35][36][37], antidiabetic [38], anti-thrombotic [39] and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities [40]. Also, these compounds may be obtained from waste material, which makes their exploitation both economically and environmentally appealing.…”

“…Polysaccharides analogous to GAGs have been isolated from a number of marine invertebrate species that offer rich structural diversity and display highly attenuated anticoagulant activities compared to mammalian counterparts (for further detail, the reader is referred to the following reviews; [27,28]). The largely unexplored chemical diversity of marine-derived GAGs provides a vast reservoir for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, some of which have been identified to exhibit antiviral [29,30], anti-parasitic [31,32], anti-inflammatory [33,34], anti-metastasis [35][36][37], anti-diabetic [38], anti-thrombotic [39] and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities [40]. Also, these compounds may be obtained from waste material, which makes their exploitation both economically and environmentally appealing.…”

Antioxidant and antithrombotic effects of green mussels ( Perna canaliculus ) in rats

“…Several compounds are extracted from a wide range of marine life involved in several biomedical research and pharmaceutical industries (Aldairi et al., 2018; Gomes et al., 2010; Khurshid & Pye, 2018). We aimed to evaluate rats' biochemical profile and antioxidant activity after adding a calculated amount of dried New Zealand mussels ( P. canaliculus ) to their diets.…”

“…It is considered a significant food source rich in various nutrients such as protein, lipids, and carbohydrates (Santhanam, 2014) and can have a therapeutic effect in treating several diseases. Recently, several studies have focused on the value of marine life and its use as a potent food source (Sargent, 1997), as well as some of its biologically active ingredients that could be used as anticancer agents (Aldairi et al., 2018; Khurshid & Pye, 2018), cardioprotective agents (Matanjun et al., 2010), and antioxidant source (Chang et al., 2020). In this regard, molluscs are the most noticeable group of marine organisms due to their associated health benefits (Khan & Liu, 2019); therefore, its daily consumption would be beneficial in preventing many illnesses (Khan & Liu, 2019; Nongmaithem et al., 2018).…”

Antioxidant Activity Derived from Marine Green‐Lipped Mussel Perna canaliculus Extracts in Mice

“…Biologically active compounds from marine life were widely discussed in the literature due to their potential anticancer [4,[6][7][8][9], antiviral [10], and antithrombosis [7,11] activities. This study evaluated the role of extracts from Perna canaliculus (green-lipped mussel) as potential antioxidant agents.…”