Isolation and Identification of Specific Pathogens, Presence of Antibiotics, Aflatoxins, Pesticide Residues and Industrial Contaminants in Supply Chain of Milk in Selected Coastal Districts of Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

A research study was undertaken to carry out isolation and identification of specific pathogens, presence of antibiotics, aflatoxins, pesticide residues and industrial contaminants in supply chain of milk in selected coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. The milk is a whole food; it is categorized under perishable foods as it is biologically nutrient liquid that supports the growth of wide variety of microorganisms and is susceptible to spoilage. The quality of milk can be affected by the presence of additional water, detergents, disinfectants, antibiotics, pesticides and pathogens like bacteria, viruses, toxins released by molds such as aflatoxins and heavy metals etc. The raw milk is usually colonized by pathogens like Campylobacter jejuni, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica. The milk samples were collected from vendors of East and West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. The milk samples were found to be positive for Tetracycline and Beta lactam antibiotics. The Aspergillus flavus was identified and the colonies producing aflatoxin M1 appeared in yellow color on the Aspergillus agar (M1127). The pesticides and heavy metals in raw and chilled milk samples were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The pesticide residues were found in raw and chilled milk samples include Lindane, Endosulfan, * Corresponding author. A. Kalla et al. 331Chlorane, Heptachlor and Methoxchlor. The heavy metals like lead, arsenic, zinc and mercury residues were found to occur in raw and chilled milk samples. The hygienic quality of the milk in the current study was found to be poor due to exceeding the standard limits in number of specific pathogens, antibiotic, aflatoxin M1, pesticide and heavy metal residues. Immediate measures are needed to be taken to ensure safety of raw milk in public point of view in Visakhapatnam, East & West Godavari regions.

A review of animal health and drug use practices in India, and their possible link to antimicrobial resistance

“…Another review by Krishnamoorthy et al [45] reported prevalence estimates of 41% (n = 25, 455; subclinical mastitis) and 27% (n = 6978; clinical mastitis). Farmers will want to initiate mastitis therapy early enough to minimize losses [46] and this may include using broad-spectrum antibiotics [23,47,48]. Medication is mostly delivered into the cow's udder [13] (although injections may be applied in a few of the Table 1 Practices related to antibiotic use in animal health, and their implications in antimicrobial resistance Animal health practices Implications Farm practices (with potential to cause AMR) Chauhan et al [23]; Kumar and Gupta [24] Selling of milk from cows given antibiotics In cases where withdrawal periods have not been observed and residue levels are beyond the recommended levels, consumers can be exposed to low antibiotic doses, which can result to resistant bacteria.…”

“…Another review by Krishnamoorthy et al [ 45 ] reported prevalence estimates of 41% ( n = 25,455; subclinical mastitis) and 27% ( n = 6978; clinical mastitis). Farmers will want to initiate mastitis therapy early enough to minimize losses [ 46 ] and this may include using broad-spectrum antibiotics [ 23 , 47 , 48 ]. Medication is mostly delivered into the cow’s udder [ 13 ] (although injections may be applied in a few of the cases).…”

Advancements in Predictive Microbiology: Integrating New Technologies for Efficient Food Safety Models

“…Generally, this includes strategies, policies, and legislation to protect food from microbial, chemical, physical, and allergenic contamination during food production, distribution, and consumption [1]. Globally, food pollutants such as heavy metals, mycotoxins, molds, antibiotics, and pesticide residues are becoming increasingly prevalent [2]. Te burden of foodborne diseases remains signifcant with an estimate 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths annually [3].…”

Determination of Tetracycline Residues in Milk by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

“…The information on the occurrence of antibiotic drug residues in India is available only in the form of very limited academic research papers. Few such studies have demonstrated the presence of tetracycline residues in milk (Das et al, 2014;Gaurav et al, 2014;Kalla et al, 2015).…”