Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Lentivirus from Talapoin Monkeys (Myopithecus talapoin)

Since simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was found to be the source of the human AIDS pandemic, a major goal has been to characterize the diversity of SIV strains in the wild and to assess their potential for crossover into humans. In the present study, SIV was isolated from a seropositive drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and three seropositive mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) by using macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Full-length sequences were obtained from a drill and mandrill and designated SIVdrl1FAO and SIVmnd5440, respectively. A 182-bp fragment of the pol genes of the two remaining mandrill SIV isolates was also analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that SIVdrl1FAO formed a monophyletic clade with SIVmnd5440 and SIVmndM14, recently designated SIVmnd type 2. Both the SIVdrl and SIVmnd type 2 genomes carried a vpx gene and appeared to share a common ancestor with SIVrcm in the 5 region of the genome and with SIVmndGB1 (type 1) in the 3 region of the genome. A statistically significant recombination breakpoint was detected at the beginning of envelope, suggesting that the viruses were descendents of the same recombinant. Phylogenetic analysis of vpx and vpr genes demonstrated that the vpx genes formed a monophyletic cluster that grouped with vpr from SIVagm. In addition, both SIVdrl1FAO and SIVmnd5440 replicated in human PBMC and therefore could pose a risk of transmission to the human population.

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Comparison of Recombinant Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Drill ( Mandrillus leucophaeus ) and Mandrill ( Mandrillus sphinx ) Isolates

Switzer

Foley

et al. 2003

“…In earlier studies, primate lentiviruses were recovered from chimpanzees (SIVcpz, Pan troglodytes) (13,21), sooty mangabeys (SIVsm, Cercocebus atys) (20); African green monkeys (SIVagm, Chlorocebus aethiops) (1,19,23,25), Sykes monkeys (SIVsyk, Cercopithecus albogaris) (11,18), and mandrills (SIVmnd-1, Mandrillus sphinx) (49). More recently, such viruses have been found and characterized in a wide range of primates, including the red-capped mangabey (SIVrcm, Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) (5,15), guereza colobus monkey (SIVcol, Colobus guereza) (9), L'Hoest's monkey (SIVlhoest, Cercopithecus l'hoesti) (17), sun-tailed monkey (SIVsun, Cercopithecus solatus) (3), talapoin monkey (Myopithecus talapoin) (30), mandrills (SIVmnd-2) (43), and drill monkey (SIVdrl, Mandrillus leucophaeus) (8). Most recently, a novel SIV has been found in the greater spot-nosed monkey (SIVgsn, Cercopithecus nictitans) (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVmonNG1) Genome Sequence from a Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona)

Barlow

Ajao²,

Clewley

2003

A novel simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) sequence has been recovered from RNA extracted from the serum of a mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) wild born in Nigeria. The sequence was obtained by using novel generic (degenerate) PCR primers and spans from two-thirds into the gag gene to the 3 poly(A) tail of the SIVmonNG1 RNA genome. Analysis of the open reading frames revealed that the SIVmonNG1 genome codes for a Vpu protein, in addition to Gag, Pol, Vif, Vpr, Tat, Rev, Env, and Nef proteins. Previously, only lentiviruses infecting humans (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1]) and chimpanzees (SIVcpz) were known to have a vpu gene; more recently, this has also been found in SIVgsn from Cercopithecus nictitans. Overall, SIVmonNG1 most closely resembles SIVgsn: the env gene sequence groups with HIV-1/SIVcpz env sequences, whereas the pol gene sequence clusters closely with the pol sequence of SIVsyk from Cercopithecus albogaris. By bootscanning and similarity plotting, the first half of pol resembles SIVsyk, whereas the latter part is closer to SIVcol from Colobus guereza. The similarities between the complex mosaic genomes of SIVmonNG1 and SIVgsn are consistent with a shared or common lineage. These data further highlight the intricate nature of the relationships between the SIVs from different primate species and will be helpful for unraveling these associations.

“…Currently, SIV infection has been detected in more than 20 different species of African primates (4,7,28,34,35). The primate lentiviruses can currently be classified into six distinct lineages based upon phylogenetic relationships (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(17,20,33), (iii) SIVagm from African green monkeys (members of the Chlorocebus aethiops superspecies) (1, 2, 9-11, 19, 23, 24, 32), (iv) SIVsyk from Sykes' monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis), (v) SIVlhoest from L'Hoest monkeys (Cercopithecus l'hoesti) including SIVsun from sun-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus) and SIVmnd from mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) (3,4,18,45), and most recently discovered (vi) SIVcol from Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) (8). Some SIVs, such as SIVdrl from drills (Mandrillus leucophaeus [7]), SIVrcm from red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus [14]) and SIVtal from talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin [35]), have only been partially characterized; sequence analysis of the entire genomes of these viruses will be required for definitive classification.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses from Red-Capped Mangabeys from Nigeria (SIVrcmNG409 and -NG411)

Beer

Foley

Kuiken

et al. 2001

Two novel simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains from wild-caught red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) from Nigeria were characterized. Sequence analysis of the fully sequenced SIV strain rcmNG411 (SIVrcmNG411) and gag and pol sequence of SIVrcmNG409 revealed that they were genetically most closely related to the recently characterized SIVrcm from Gabon (SIVrcmGB1). Thus, red-capped mangabeys from distant geographic locations harbor a common lineage of SIV. SIVrcmNG411 carried a vpx gene in addition to vpr, suggesting a common evolutionary ancestor with SIVsm (from sooty mangabeys). However, SIVrcm was only marginally closer to SIVsm in that region than to any of the other lentiviruses. SIVrcm showed the highest similarity in pol with SIVdrl, isolated from a drill, a primate that is phylogenetically distinct from mangabey monkeys, and clustered with other primate lentiviruses (primarily SIVcpz [from chimpanzees] and SIVagmSab [from African green monkeys]) discordantly in different regions of the genome, suggesting a history of recombination. Despite the genetic relationship to SIVcpz in the pol gene, SIVrcmNG411 did not replicate in chimpanzee peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), although two other viruses unrelated to SIVcpz, SIVmndGB1 (from mandrills) and SIVlhoest (from L'Hoest monkeys), were able to grow in chimpanzee PBMC. The CCR5 24-bp deletion previously described in red-capped mangabeys from Gabon was also observed in Nigerian red-capped mangabeys, and SIVrcmNG411, like SIVrcmGB1, used CCR2B and STRL33 as coreceptors for virus entry. SIVrcm, SIVsm, SIVmndGB1, and all four SIVlhoest isolates but not SIVsun (from sun-tailed monkeys) replicated efficiently in human PBMC, suggesting that the ability to infect the human host can vary within one lineage.