“…The Cry1Ac-binding APN proteins have also been purified from the BBMVs of Lymantria dispar , Heliothis virescens, and Plutella xylostella (Gill et al, 1995, Palma et al, 2014). However, few reports suggest that not all APN surface enzymes act as toxin binding proteins (Maaty, 1999, Assaeedi and Osman, 2017). From the current and earlier findings, it may be inferred that the interference with the midgut function seems to be the common mechanism by which most effective insecticidal proteins, including the Vip3Aa toxin, kill their target insect.…”