Isotope geochemistry tracks the maturation of submarine massive sulfide mounds (Iberian Pyrite Belt)

Velasco-Acebes, J.; Tornos, Fernando; Kidane, Abiel T.; Wiedenbeck, Michael; Velasco, Francisco; Delgado, Antonio

doi:10.1007/s00126-018-0853-x

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Barret et al, 2008;de Oliveira et al, 2011) as broader studies have been typically performed (e.g. Mitjavila et al, 1997;Sánchez-España et al, 2000;Rosa et al, 2004Rosa et al, , 2006Valenzuela et al, 2011, Conde andTornos, 2019). However, similarly to what has been observed at Aguas Teñidas, 450 available detailed studies usually show the presence of several felsic volcanic units which can be identified based on immobile element ratios like those used here (e.g.…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

“…Two main contrasting styles of VMS mineralization have been described in the IPB which are closely related to the nature of the host stratigraphic sequence: dominantly exhalative shale-hosted deposits (e.g. Sotiel-Migollas, Tharsis, Lousal, Las Cruces, Aznalcóllar-Los Frailes, Masa Valverde) and dominantly replacive felsic-volcanic-rocks-hosted deposits (e.g Aguas Teñidas, La Zarza, Aljustrel, Concepción, La Magdalena) (Relvas et al, 2001(Relvas et al, , 2002Tornos et al, 1998Tornos et al, , 140 2008Tornos, 2006;Tornos and Heinrich, 2008;Velasco-Acebes et al 2019).…”

Section: Vms Deposits In the Iberian Pyrite Beltmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF

Gisbert¹,

Tornos²,

Losantos³

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) deposits represent a major source of base, precious and other metals of economic and industrial importance. As in other mineral systems, progressive exhaustion of the shallowest and most easily accessible deposits is leading to increasingly complex exploration. In this context vectors to ore play a vital role. The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is an outstanding VMS district located in the SW Iberian Peninsula, which represents the main mining area in Spain and one of the main zones of base metal production in Europe. But the work on vectors to ore in the IPB is far from systematic or complete. In this work we have performed a detailed study of the main vectors to ore related to mineral zoning and whole rock geochemistry that are currently used in the exploration of VMS systems to a representative volcanic rock hosted replacive VMS deposit located in the northern IPB, the Aguas Teñidas deposit. Results have been compared to other deposits in the IPB and in other VMS districts. The investigated vectors include: mineralogical zoning, host sequence characterization and mineralized unit identification based on whole rock geochemistry, the study of the characteristics and behaviour of whole rock geochemical anomalies around the ore (e.g. alteration-related compositional changes, characteristics and extent of geochemical halos around the deposit), with definition of threshold values for the mineralization-related indicative elements, and application of portable XRF analysis to the detection of the previous vectors. In the footwall, a concentric cone-shaped hydrothermal alteration bearing the stockwork passes laterally, from core to edge, from quartz (only locally), to chlorite, sericite–chlorite, and sericite alteration zones. The hydrothermal alteration is also found in the hanging wall despite its thrusted character: a proximal sericite alteration zone is followed by a more distal albite one, which is described here for the first time in the IPB. Whole rock major elements show an increase in alteration indexes (e.g. AI, CCPI) towards the mineralization, with a general SiO2 enrichment, FeO enrichment in the central portion of the system, K2O and Na2O leaching towards the outside areas, and a less systematic MgO behaviour. Copper, Pb and Zn produce proximal anomalies around mineralized areas, with the more mobile Sb, Tl and Ba generating wider halos. Whereas Sb and Tl halos form around all mineralized areas, Ba anomalies are restricted to areas around the massive sulphide body. Our results show that proposed vectors, or adaptations designed to overcome p-XRF limitations, can be confidently used by analysing unprepared hand specimens, including the external rough curved surface of drill cores. The data presented in this work are not only applicable to VMS exploration in the IPB, but on a broader scale they will also contribute to improve our general understating of vectors to ore in replacive-type VMS deposits.

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confidence: 56%

Section: Vms Deposits In the Iberian Pyrite Beltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF

Gisbert¹,

Tornos²,

Losantos³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The most negative δ 34 S values in similar isotopic zonation patterns have been effectively associated with the occurrence of oxidised magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in the porphyry-to-epithermal environment and with their prospectiveness [66][67][68]. Zonation in the isotopic composition of sulphur in sulphides at any scale (from single-grain to deposit, district or semi-regional scales) is not an uncommon feature in many different types of ore deposits and responds to a few reasons [59,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. Such isotopic zonation at a district level in Huanuni constitutes an additional feature that would be necessary to test in future endeavours.…”

Section: Sources For Sulphurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogy and Distribution of Critical Elements in the Sn–W–Pb–Ag–Zn Huanuni Deposit, Bolivia

et al. 2019

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The polymetallic Huanuni deposit, a world-class tin deposit, is part of the Bolivian tin belt. As a likely case for a “mesothermal” or transitional deposit between epithermal and porphyry Sn types (or shallow porphyry Sn), it represents a case that contributes significantly to the systematic study of the distribution of critical elements within the “family” of Bolivian tin deposits. In addition to Sn, Zn and Ag, further economic interest in the area resides in its potential in critical elements such as In, Ga and Ge. This paper provides the first systematic characterisation of the complex mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the Huanuni deposit with the twofold aim of identifying the mineral carriers of critical elements and endeavouring plausible metallogenic processes for the formation of this deposit, by means of a multi-methodological approach. With In concentrations consistently over 2000 ppm, the highest potential for relevant concentrations in this metal resides in widespread tin minerals (cassiterite and stannite) and sphalerite. Hypogene alteration assemblages are hardly developed due to the metasedimentary nature of host rocks, but the occurrence of potassium feldspar, schorl, pyrophyllite and dickite as vein material stand for potassic to phyllic or advanced argillic alteration assemblages and relatively high-temperature (and low pH) mineralising fluids. District-scale mineralogical zonation suggests a thermal zonation with decreasing temperatures from the central to the peripheral areas. A district-scale zonation has been also determined for δ34SVCDT values, which range −7.2‰ to 0.2‰ (mostly −7‰ to −5‰) in the central area and −4.2‰ to 1.0‰ (mainly constrained between −2‰ and 1‰) in peripheral areas. Such values stand for magmatic and metasedimentary sources for sulfur, and their spatial zoning may be related to differential reactivity between mineralising fluids and host rocks, outwardly decreasing from the central to the peripheral areas.

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“…Two main contrasting styles of VMS mineralization have been described in the IPB which are closely related to the nature of the host stratigraphic sequence: shale-hosted and felsic-volcanic-rocks-hosted deposits (Tornos, 2006;Tornos et al, 1998Tornos et al, , 2008Tornos et al, , 2015Tornos and Conde, 2002;Tornos and Heinrich, 2008;Velasco-Acebes et al, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementary material to "Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF"

Gisbert¹,

Tornos²,

Losantos³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Isotope geochemistry tracks the maturation of submarine massive sulfide mounds (Iberian Pyrite Belt)

Cited by 26 publications

References 96 publications

Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF

Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF

Mineralogy and Distribution of Critical Elements in the Sn–W–Pb–Ag–Zn Huanuni Deposit, Bolivia

Supplementary material to "Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF"

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Isotope geochemistry tracks the maturation of submarine massive sulfide mounds (Iberian Pyrite Belt)

Cited by 26 publications

References 96 publications

Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF

Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF

Mineralogy and Distribution of Critical Elements in the Sn–W–Pb–Ag–Zn Huanuni Deposit, Bolivia

Supplementary material to &quot;Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF&quot;

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Supplementary material to "Vectors to ore in replacive VMS deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and use of portable XRF"