Issues in Routing Mechanism for Packets Forwarding: A Survey

Abstract

Nowadays internet has become more popular to each and every one. It is very sensitive to nodes or links failure due to many known or unknown issues in the network connectivity. Routing is the important concept in wired and wireless network for packet transmission. During the packet transmission many times some of the problems occur, due to this packets are being lost or nodes not able to transmit the packets to the specific destination. This paper discusses various issues and approaches related to the routing mechanism. In this paper, we present a review and comparison of different routing algorithms and protocols proposed recently in order to address various issues. The main purpose of this study is to address issues for packet forwarding like network control management, load balancing, congestion control, convergence time and instability. We also focus on the impact of these issues on packet forwarding.

Joint Routing and Congestion Control in Multipath Channel based on Signal to Noise Ratio with Cross Layer Scheme

“…Routing is the important concept in wired and wireless network for packet transmission [11] and to maximize the packet successfully passed to the destination node [12]. A routing protocol in a mobile ad hoc network has an important role in finding the data transmission path.…”

Node Cooperation to Avoid Early Congestion Detection Based on Cross-Layer for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

“…(1) Q Threshold = Q max =0.75× Buffer queue-size = 3× Q min (2) Where Q min denotes to the quarter of actual queue size of node which represents the minimum threshold of the actual queue size. And the Q Threshold denotes to the three quarters of actual queue size that represents the maximum threshold of the actual queue size.…”

“…Therefore, Nodes (2, 3, 5) must check it, if anyone has new link with others. First save (2,3,5) in the vector queue. Moreover, the unique function avoids the insertion of any double node number inside the vector queue.…”

“…The routing protocol plays an essential role in improving the performance of wireless networks [1]. The main goal of any routing protocol is to determine dynamically the correct route between a source node and a destination node [2]. In the case of control messages, forwarding of large amounts of data from one node to another without the cooperation of each node leads to congestion.…”