It all began with Ronald Ross: 100 years of malaria research and control in Sierra Leone (1899-1999)

Abstract

It was in Sierra Leone, 100 years ago in 1899, that human malarial parasites were first observed in wild-caught Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus, the principal vectors of malaria in Africa. In the same year, Ronald Ross initiated the first antilarval measures for malaria control. This paper reviews 100 years of malaria field research and control in Sierra Leone, which became known as the 'White Man's Grave' in the 19th century largely because of the high malaria-related mortality amongst Europeans living there. The establishment of a field laboratory for the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in Freetown in 1920 made Sierra Leone the centre for malaria field research in Africa up to and during the Second World War. Eminent malariologists including Ronald Ross, Samuel Christophers, George Macdonald, Leonard Bruce-Chwatt, Brian Maegraith, Ian Macgregor, Brian Greenwood and Michael Service visited Sierra Leone for malaria-related activities. This review highlights the tremendous efforts made towards defining the epidemiological picture of the disease and the most effective means of combatting it. Malaria control in Sierra Leone, as in many other parts of the world, used to be based largely on mosquito eradication. However, experience gained over the past 100 years has shown that mosquito control is often not cost-effective in areas where the interruption of transmission cannot be sustained. Emphasis should now be on early diagnosis, treatment with effective antimalarials, and the selective use of preventive measures including vector control and insecticide-treated materials where they can be sustained.

Filling the Gap 115 Years after Ronald Ross: The Distribution of the Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae s.s from Freetown and Monrovia, West Africa

“…gambiae populations in neighboring Liberia in 1957 [22] and was reported in Freetown in 1966 [23]. HCH and DDT were widely used for house spraying and larviciding in Freetown after the World War II [1]. Temephos and malathion were also used for larviciding until it was realized that control activities were unsuccessful, with a possible resistance to malathion [1].…”

“…HCH and DDT were widely used for house spraying and larviciding in Freetown after the World War II [1]. Temephos and malathion were also used for larviciding until it was realized that control activities were unsuccessful, with a possible resistance to malathion [1]. Despite these reports we cannot conclusively assign the observed high levels of kdr only to insecticide use in the 1950’s and further studies will be required to assess this.…”

“…coastalis ) was first incriminated as a vector of malaria by Sir Ronald Ross in Freetown, Sierra Leone in 1899 [1]. Mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex are the major vectors of malaria in West Africa.…”

“…funestus , in 1899 [1]. By the 1950s extensive studies on human biting mosquitoes in both Sierra Leone [1] and Liberia [2]–[5] had been undertaken. However, these studies were focussed on the morphological identification of these important vectors.…”

Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria

“…Mosquito larval source management (LSM) is the management of water bodies that are potential larval habitats to prevent the development of immature mosquitoes into adults (Kitron 1989; Bockarie 1999; Killeen 2002a; Walker 2007; Fillinger and Lindsay 2011). …”