Ivanov-Smolensky conditioning: Relationship between CR and UR form and intensity

Tarpy, Roger M.; Scharer, Jennifer B.

doi:10.1016/0301-0511(94)90006-x

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In addition, this classical eye blink conditioning procedure was followed by an experiment in which subjects were instructed to blink in synchrony with the double head taps, thus allowing direct comparison of cerebellar activity during reflex and voluntary blinks. The latter procedure is known as Ivanov-Smolensky conditioning (ISC) in which subjects are presented with a conventional CS followed by either a command US or an imperative US which signals a command [ 20 ], here a command to blink. The unconditioned responses (URs) thus include both an instructed voluntary unconditioned blink UR (v-UR) and a reflexive unconditioned blink UR (r-UR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The unconditioned responses (URs) thus include both an instructed voluntary unconditioned blink UR (v-UR) and a reflexive unconditioned blink UR (r-UR). Several authors have reported successful ISC in which subjects learn a voluntary CR (v-CR) which anticipates the US [ 20 ], and prior work has confirmed that human subjects can learn timed voluntary blinks which mimic classical conditioning [ 21 , 22 ]. It may be that mechanisms of voluntary and reflexive motor learning overlap [ 23 ] and that Purkinje cells participate in learning or predicting sequences of responses in both cases [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, it has been suggested that ISC and classical (Pavlovian) conditioning may be one and the same, not least because the temporal context for the establishment of v-CRs, i.e. a short (a few 100 ms) CS-US inter-stimulus interval, appears to be the same as for reflexive CRs (r-CRs) [ 20 , 25 ]. If sensorimotor synchronisation is viewed as a form of conditioning, then the cerebellum might play a role in both learning and timing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrophysiological Activity from the Eye Muscles, Cerebellum and Cerebrum During Reflexive (Classical Pavlovian) Versus Voluntary (Ivanov-Smolensky) Eye-Blink Conditioning

Todd,

Govender,

Keller

et al. 2023

Cerebellum

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We report an experiment to investigate the role of the cerebellum and cerebrum in motor learning of timed movements. Eleven healthy human subjects were recruited to perform two experiments, the first was a classical eye-blink conditioning procedure with an auditory tone as conditional stimulus (CS) and vestibular unconditional stimulus (US) in the form of a double head-tap. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to blink voluntarily in synchrony with the double head-tap US preceded by a CS, a form of Ivanov-Smolensky conditioning in which a command or instruction is associated with the US. Electrophysiological recordings were made of extra-ocular EMG and EOG at infra-ocular sites (IO1/2), EEG from over the frontal eye fields (C3’/C4’) and from over the posterior fossa over the cerebellum for the electrocerebellogram (ECeG). The behavioural outcomes of the experiments showed weak reflexive conditioning for the first experiment despite the double tap but robust, well-synchronised voluntary conditioning for the second. Voluntary conditioned blinks were larger than the reflex ones. For the voluntary conditioning experiment, a contingent negative variation (CNV) was also present in the EEG leads prior to movement, and modulation of the high-frequency EEG occurred during movement. US-related cerebellar activity was prominent in the high-frequency ECeG for both experiments, while conditioned response-related cerebellar activity was additionally present in the voluntary conditioning experiment. These results demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in voluntary (Ivanov-Smolensky) as well as in reflexive (classical Pavlovian) conditioning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%