Japanese Encephalitis: Perspectives and New Developments

Saxena, Shailendra K.

doi:10.2217/14796708.3.5.515

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…No proper antiviral against JEV is available [26,27,28]. The following preventive measures may largely mitigate the disease: proper sample collection; prediction of future strain(s); educating public health workers and professionals; vaccination; trials of new antiviral therapy; improvement in clinical management, especially early and specific detection; nutritional support to the affected patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend of Japanese encephalitis in North India: evidence from thirty-eight acute encephalitis cases and appraisal of niceties

Saxena

Mishra

Saxena

et al. 2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: In the year 2005, an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in the northern states of India. The present study was planned to reconfirm the circulation of JE in the area and to assess the trend of the disease to slow down the burden of JE. Methodology: Surveillance was conducted to identify patients with acute encephalitis. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from suspected cases underwent pathological, serological, and demographic investigations. Viral testing for evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection was also performed, either by IgM capture ELISA/RT-PCR or both. To identify circulating JEV strains, RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Based on clinical cases reported between 1992 and 2008, the trend of JE infection in the state was analyzed to examine the dynamics of infection. Results: Our investigations (n = 38) revealed that only 55.3% cases were positive for JE. Pathological examination revealed marked pleocytosis in CSF (90 76.9 cells/mm 3 ), and peripheral leucocytosis (64.7 8.86% neutrophils) with mild anemia. Males were more susceptible than females with a ratio of 1.63:1 and significant gender difference (P 0.05) was observed in patients below six years. In the patient group younger than six years, the rate of infection per million was six-fold higher (P 0.005) in males as compared to females. Our phylogenetic study suggests that the circulating strain during the 2005 JE epidemic was close to GP78, and in the future a larger epidemic may occur. Conclusions: The 2005 JE epidemic was possibly caused by JEV GP78 and it is spreading into newer areas. The trend of JE suggests that the problem in North India is escalating and larger epidemics may occur in the future; therefore, serious steps are necessary to combat JE, including the development of more efficient surveillance methods and differential diagnosis.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend of Japanese encephalitis in North India: evidence from thirty-eight acute encephalitis cases and appraisal of niceties

Saxena

Mishra

Saxena

et al. 2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The functions of other genes are still not understood. Replication of virus happens in cytoplasm and maturation on intracellular membranes (Saxena, 2008).…”

Section: Genomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…By, past decade, JEV GI has been introduced into South Korea, Thailand, and China and has replaced the GIII strains that had been circulating in Japan and Vietnam during the mid-1990s (5). The strains JEV isolated from India till 2007 belonged to GIII (Saxena et al, 2008). JEV emerged in Japan in 1870's, four genotypes of it are recognized presently genotypes I to III are fully sequenced.…”

Section: Molecular Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which causes significant epidemics of encephalitis worldwide with 50,000 cases of encephalitis mostly affecting the children below 10 years of age causing 10,000 deaths annually (Saxena 2008, Diagana et al, 2007. It is well distributed all over Asia and posing threat to many other nations (Yamanaka et al, 2010) JEV strong presence can be felt in the south, southeast, and the east regions of Asia (Shimojima et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Japanese Encephalitis: An Emerging and Spreading Arbovirosis

Saxena¹,

Tiwari²,

Saxena³

et al. 2011

Flavivirus Encephalitis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…When an infected mosquito bites a healthy individual, it may lead to a nonspecific febrile illness or a severe meningoencephalomyelities illness (Nemeth et al, 2010). In rainy season the incidences of the disease increases (Saxena et al, 2008). Hence high level of immunization is needed to prevent the wide spread of this disease amongst human population (Weaver and Reisen, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Emerging Pathogen

K.¹

2012

American Journal of Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a flavivirus maintained in a zoonotic cycle which involves pigs, birds and Culex species of mosquitoes causing fatal encephalitis endemic most of Asia and as far as Australia from its putative origin in Indonesia and Malaysia. The principle vector is Culex mosquito, most important being Culex tritaenorhynchus, present in greatest density in rainy season (June to November) Humans are accidental dead-end-hosts as they do not develop a level of viraemia sufficient to infect mosquitoes. The natural cycle of JEV consists of pig-mosquito-pig or bird-mosquito-bird and pigs serve as a biological amplifiers and reservoirs. The risk for Japanese encephalitis varies by appropriate ecological conditions and season to cause epidemics and epizootics. Disease control by vaccination is considered to be most effective. The Envelope (E) protein is dominant antigen including immunologic responses in infected host and eliciting virus neutralizing antibodies. Large scale immunization of susceptible human population is highly important to prevent this deadly infection. Attempts are being made to develop enhanced vaccines using the recombinant DNA technology. Since the existing inactivated, live attenuated or killed vaccines have side effects such as neurological disorders and systemic hypersensitivity, DNA based vaccines might aid the purpose of combating against JEV which are presently under clinical trials. Protection at personal level would help to reduce the incidence of the disease. In India vaccination against Japanese encephalitis are administered in areas where the disease is hyper-endemic.

show abstract

Japanese Encephalitis: Perspectives and New Developments

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Trend of Japanese encephalitis in North India: evidence from thirty-eight acute encephalitis cases and appraisal of niceties

Trend of Japanese encephalitis in North India: evidence from thirty-eight acute encephalitis cases and appraisal of niceties

Japanese Encephalitis: An Emerging and Spreading Arbovirosis

Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Emerging Pathogen

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About