Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Daniels, Peter; Mackenzie, John S.

doi:10.1002/9780470376812.ch8b

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The disease in pigs is relatively minor; transplacental transmission of JE virus is well established, leading to foetal encephalitis, abortion and stillbirth, and it also causes hypospermia and aspermia in boars (e.g. Takashima et al., 1988; Daniels et al., 2002). Ardeid birds are the maintenance hosts of JE virus, particularly Black‐crowned night herons ( Nycticorax nycticorax ), Little egrets ( Egretta garzetta ), and Plumed egrets ( E. intermedia ), but the virus does not cause disease in birds.…”

Section: Mosquito‐borne Flavivirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Zoonotic Flaviviruses of Southern, South‐Eastern and Eastern Asia, and Australasia: The Potential for Emergent Viruses

Mackenzie

Williams

2009

Zoonoses and Public Health

172

123

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The genus Flaviviridae comprises about 70 members, of which about 30 are found in southern, south-eastern and eastern Asia and Australasia. These include major pathogens such as Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), tick-borne encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, and the dengue viruses. Other members are known to be associated with mild febrile disease in humans, or with no known disease. In addition, novel flaviviruses continue to be discovered, as demonstrated recently by New Mapoon virus in Australia, Sitiawan virus in Malaysia, and ThCAr virus in Thailand. About 19 of these viruses are mosquito-borne, six are tick-borne, and four have no known vector and represent isolates from rodents or bats. Evidence from phylogenetic studies suggest that JE, MVE and Alfuy viruses probably emerged in the Malaya-Indonesian region from an African progenitor virus, possibly a virus related to Usutu virus. WN virus, however, is believed to have emerged in Africa, and then dispersed through avian migration. Evidence suggests that there are at least seven genetic lineages of WN virus, of which lineage 1b spread to Australasia as Kunjin virus, lineages 1a and 5 spread to India, and lineage 6 spread to Malaysia. Indeed, flaviviruses have a propensity to spread and emerge in new geographic areas, and they represent a potential source for new disease emergence. Many of the factors associated with disease emergence are present in the region, such as changes in land use and deforestation, increasing population movement, urbanization, and increasing trade. Furthermore, because of their ecology and dependence on climate, there is a strong likelihood that global warming may significantly increase the potential for disease emergence and/or spread.

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Section: Mosquito‐borne Flavivirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Zoonotic Flaviviruses of Southern, South‐Eastern and Eastern Asia, and Australasia: The Potential for Emergent Viruses

Mackenzie

Williams

2009

Zoonoses and Public Health

172

123

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“…Other domesticated species have become efficiently enlisted as H I s or H R s, in a bridging process leading to human disease. Swine production management practices have improved the efficacy of this economically important livestock species as an amplifying H I for JEV and NiV transmission to humans (Daniels et al 2002;Singh and Jamaluddin 2002;Mohd Nor et al 2000; see the chapter by Field et al, this volume). Swine may also serve as the mammalian mixing vessel for influenza A viruses of domestic and wild birds, offering the opportunity for avian viruses to obtain the complement of genes required for their sustained transmission within mammalian hosts, such as humans (Suarez et al 2002;Gibbs et al 2001; see the chapter by Webby et al, this volume).…”

Section: Domestic Animals Provide a Bounty Of Novel Nichesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction: Conceptualizing and Partitioning the Emergence Process of Zoonotic Viruses from Wildlife to Humans

Childs

Richt

Mackenzie

2007

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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“…Previous studies have suggested that vaccination of pigs is inefficient due to the cost of the vaccine and the complexities surrounding maternal antibodies when vaccinating piglets [ 1 , 60 , 61 ]. One study recommended vaccination of breeding stock 2–3 weeks before the start of mosquito season [ 62 ]. Vaccines are also available for horses which display a similar clinical profile to humans when infected with JEV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese Encephalitis Enzootic and Epidemic Risks across Australia

Furlong

Adamu

Hoskins

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an arboviral, encephalitogenic, zoonotic flavivirus characterized by its complex epidemiology whose transmission cycle involves reservoir and amplifying hosts, competent vector species and optimal environmental conditions. Although typically endemic in Asia and parts of the Pacific Islands, unprecedented outbreaks in both humans and domestic pigs in southeastern Australia emphasize the virus’ expanding geographical range. To estimate areas at highest risk of JEV transmission in Australia, ecological niche models of vectors and waterbirds, a sample of piggery coordinates and feral pig population density models were combined using mathematical and geospatial mapping techniques. These results highlight that both coastal and inland regions across the continent are estimated to have varying risks of enzootic and/or epidemic JEV transmission. We recommend increased surveillance of waterbirds, feral pigs and mosquito populations in areas where domestic pigs and human populations are present.

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Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Cited by 12 publications

References 81 publications

The Zoonotic Flaviviruses of Southern, South‐Eastern and Eastern Asia, and Australasia: The Potential for Emergent Viruses

The Zoonotic Flaviviruses of Southern, South‐Eastern and Eastern Asia, and Australasia: The Potential for Emergent Viruses

Introduction: Conceptualizing and Partitioning the Emergence Process of Zoonotic Viruses from Wildlife to Humans

Japanese Encephalitis Enzootic and Epidemic Risks across Australia

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