JMAC Protocol: A Cross-Layer Multi-Hop Protocol for LoRa

Escobar, Juan José López; Gil‐Castiñeira, Felipe; Redondo, Rebeca P. Díaz

doi:10.3390/s20236893

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Increasing the number of addressable nodes (e.g.,

), would require larger memory, which is not compatible with the low-power-consumption electronics adopted in our implementation. A custom library specifying a different addressing strategy or more sophisticated strategies to store only relevant addresses, such as the one proposed in [ 19 ], could be designed to overcome this limitation, but this is out of the scope of this paper.…”

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication

Berto

Napoletano

Savi

2021

Sensors

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LoRa is a long-range and low-power radio technology largely employed in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. It defines the lower physical layer while other protocols, such as LoRaWAN, define the upper layers of the network. A LoRaWAN network assumes a star topology where each of the nodes communicates with multiple gateways which, in turn, forward the collected data to a network server. The main LoRaWAN characteristic is the central role of the gateways; however, in some application scenarios, a much lighter protocol stack, relying only on node capabilities and without the presence of gateways, can be more suitable. In this paper, we present a preliminary study for realizing a LoRa-based mesh network, not relying on LoRaWAN, that implements a peer-to-peer communication between nodes, without the use of gateways, and extends node reachability through multi-hop communication. To validate our investigations, we present a hardware/software prototype based on low-power-consumption devices, and we preliminarily assess the proposed solution.

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“…Increasing the number of addressable nodes (e.g.,

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication

Berto

Napoletano

Savi

2021

Sensors

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“…[20] Farroq. [21] Liao et al [22] Minimized latency Mai and Kim [23] Lopez et al [24] Barrachina et al [25] Energy efficiency Communication range Abrardo and Pozzebon [30] Dias and Grilo [28] Energy efficiency approach to extend LoRaWAN networks' coverage through multi-hop communications. Concurrent transmission is a flooding routing approach originally used in IEEE 802.15.4 networks.…”

Section: A Clustering and Concurrent Transmissions (Cct) Based Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Duty cycle restriction: The duty cycle was respected during the implementations. Lopez et al [25] proposed an ad-hoc cross-layer multihop protocol for LoRa to provide low transmission power consumption and extend the network coverage by using sensor nodes as relay devices. On one hand, the gateway after installation is either in received mode (uplink messages) or sending mode (periodically broadcasting a beacon message or sending ACK message for uplink messages received).…”

Section: Duty Cycle Restrictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In leakage detection scenarios, nodes are deployed underground inside the pipelines. In such conditions, the only way to power them is the use of non-replaceable and non-rechargeable batteries [15] CCT-based P 99% Flooding Lee and Ke [16] CCT-based P 99.9% Tree Zhu et al [17] CCT-based P 85% Tree Paul [18] CCT-based Simulation(S) NS Tree Duong and Kim [20] CCT-based P 80% Flooding Farooq [22] CCT-based P NS Tree Liao et al [23] CCT-based P NS Flooding Mai and Kim [24] CCT-based P 90% Flooding Barrachina et al [26] CCT-based P 95% Tree Sartori et al [27] IPV6-based P 96% Tree Haubro et al [28] IPV6-based P 90% Tree Dias and Grilo [29] ad-hoc-based P 98% Flooding Abrardo and Pozzebon [30] ad-hoc-based P 95% Tree Ludell et al [31] ad-hoc-based Proof-ofconcept NS Flooding Anedda et al [32] ad-hoc-based S NS Tree Kim et al [33] ad-hoc-based Theorical analysis 90% Flooding Dwijaksara et al [34] ad-hoc-based S NS Flooding Lopez et al [25] ad-hoc-based S 86% Tree [8]. Therefore, SWG can not deal with most of routing protocols reviewed previously as sensor data nodes are involved in the routing process.…”

Section: Lorawan Multi-hop Sdn-based Solution For Smart Water Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Lalle¹,

Fourati

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are becoming the most suitable communication technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their low power consumption, long communication range and low cost. Currently, Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most popular LPWANs. Because it offers the possibility to build private networks with an open standard, LoRaWAN is the most deployed LPWAN solution. However, LoRaWAN supports only one-hop communication, that is, the end-devices are connected directly to the gateways. Since LoRa links can be kilometers long, its signals may undergo interference with other radio signals or encounter obstacles such as buildings, trees. In urban areas, to ensure that indoor LoRa devices can successfully transfer data back to remote gateways (GWs), a dense deployment of GWs is required. Unfortunately, the deployment of many GWs increases the network cost. Multi-hop communication can be exploited to increase LoRaWAN network coverage and packet delivery ratio (PDR) without deploying additional GWs. Therefore, in order to improve LoRaWAN performance, different routing approaches have been recently proposed aiming to create LoRaWAN multi-hop networks where some devices can play the role of relay nodes. However, in some use cases like Smart Water Grid (SWG), where nodes are buried underground inside the pipelines, the use of some SWG devices as relay nodes is not efficient in terms of energy consumption. In this paper, we first provide an in-depth survey on different routing protocols proposed for LoRaWAN multi-hop networks followed by a useful comparison between these approaches. Then, to enable efficient peer-2-peer (P2P) communication between end-devices in SWG, we propose a routing protocol based on Software Defined Networking (SDN) where some specific nodes called Relay Nodes (RNs) relay data from leakages detection nodes. In the case where a sensor detects a leak, a signal is sent to shut off the water valve automatically through our routing approach. Through simulations under LoRaSim, our proposed solution outperforms the standard single-hop network in terms of energy consumption and packet error rate. A range of issues, problems are provided and some research directions are suggested.

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“…Among all available LPWAN protocols, the so-called LoRa (Long Range) technology [6] has emerged as a promising candidate for smart sensing technology for civil (e.g., environment and health monitoring, smart metering, precision agriculture) and industrial applications, in urban and rural environments, due to its long-range and low-power capabilities. LoRa modulation is a 3GPP standard based on the chirp spread-spectrum (CSS) technology [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and uses the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency bands at 433 MHz, 868 MHz or 915 MHz with data rates of up to 50 kbps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels

Peppas

Chronopoulos

Loukatos

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Long Range (LoRa) systems have recently attracted significant attention within the research community as well as for commercial use due to their ability to transmit data over long distances at a relatively low energy cost. In this study, new results for the bit error rate performance of Long Range (LoRa) systems operating in the presence of Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, Hoyt, η-μ and generalized fading channels are presented. Specifically, we propose novel exact single integral expressions as well as simple, accurate expressions that yield tight results in the entire signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The validity of our newly derived formulas is substantiated by comparing numerically evaluated results with equivalent ones, obtained using Monte-Carlo simulations and exact analytical expressions.

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JMAC Protocol: A Cross-Layer Multi-Hop Protocol for LoRa

Cited by 16 publications

References 45 publications

A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication

A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels

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