“…Land degradation, caused by overgrazing and other inappropriate land uses, has been recognized as one of the major threats to ecosystem services and functioning, especially in arid or semi-arid ecosystems (Qian et al, 2014(Qian et al, , 2016. Continuous overgrazing in the fragile rangelands of the Arab Gulf region has accelerated soil erosion that resulted in loss of vegetation, which in turn accelerated desertification (Halwagy et al, 1990;Dean et al, 1995;Kassas, 1995;El-Keblawy et al, 2015a;El-Keblawy, 2016). Overgrazing affects more than 90% of the land of the Arabian Peninsula, 44% of which is severely or very severely degraded (Ferguson et al, 1998;Shaltout et al, 2008;El-Keblawy et al, 2009a).…”