“…Therefore, the protocols in MCMR IEEE 802.11 WBNs need more sophistication to regulate spatial resources and optimise network performance. Various approaches have been studied in MCMR IEEE 802.11 WBNs to optimise network performance, such as rate control [79,80,124], MAC layer enhancement [19,21,108], or cross-layer designs between routing, CA, and scheduling [22,58,76,95,146,150]. However, these studies have not adequately addressed goodput and fairness from the aspect of spatial utilisation and this is an increasingly prevalent problem in dense WBN scenarios under heavy traffic conditions [46,60,78,112,113].…”