Joint Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Resources in the Caribbean Sea

Abstract

Complementarities between wind and wave energies have many significant advantages that are unavailable with the sole deployment of either. Using all available wind speed, significant wave height, and wave period buoy observations over a 10-year period (i.e., 2009–2019), colocated wind and wave energy resources are estimated. Although buoy records are imperfect, results show that the inner Caribbean Sea (CS) under the influence of the Caribbean low-level jet has the highest wind energy resource at ~ 1500 W/m 2 , followed by the outer CS at ~ 600 W/m 2 and Atlantic Ocean (AO) at ~ 550–600 W/m 2 at a 100 m height. Wave energy was most abundant in the AO at 14 kW/m, followed by the inner CS at 13 kW/m and outer CS at 5 kW/m. The average and dominant wave energies can reach a maximum of 10 and 14 kW/m, respectively. Asymmetry between wind and wave energy resources is observed in the AO, where wave energy is higher than the low wind speed/energy would suggest. Swell is responsible for this discrepancy; thus, it must be considered not only for wave energy extraction but also for wind turbine fatigue, stability, and power extraction efficiency.

A Review of Offshore Renewable Energy in South America: Current Status and Future Perspectives

“…Over the past 15 years, several scientific documents have been published. Most of them addressed the offshore wind potential at regional [87][88][89] and national-local scales [24,32,[90][91][92][93][94]. Technical aspects of offshore-wind development have been addressed, such as the effect of extreme events [95], opportunities for employing the current shipping building industry [96] and the general feasibility of its implementation in the country [97][98][99].…”