Ketone bodies – causes and effects of their increased presence in cows' body fluids: A review

Abstract

Ketosis is the most common metabolic disease in high-performance dairy cows during the first 6-8 weeks of lactation. Its main symptoms include an excessive amount of so-called ketone bodies in a cow's body fluids. Ketone bodies consist of β-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA), acetoacetic acid, and acetone. βHBA is the main component with its share of the total volume of ketone bodies in the blood of about 70%. Clinical symptoms of ketosis in cows include loss of appetite, preference for forage to concentrated feed, and acetone odor in their mouth and urine. Those symptoms are accompanied by a production drop, an increase of concurrent illness (mastitis, metritis, and displaced abomasum), and poor reproductive performance. One of the ketosis characteristic effects is an increase in the level of fat in milk (>5%), while protein levels decrease (<2.9%). In the case of subclinical ketosis (SCK), the fat–protein ratio in milk is increased to above 1.4:1. The current consensus for SCK is to consider a cutoff point of βHBA to be at least 1.2 mmol/L in blood plasma. Ketosis prevention is based on keeping perinatal cows in good condition, that is, with around 3.5 points in the five-point body condition scoring, carefully balancing food doses during the first 2 months of lactation with the correct energy–protein ratio. Glucose precursor products should be administered orally, in particular to at-risk herds. Ketosis occurs in 7-14% on average of the total number of cows in a herd. In general, data on the prevalence of SCK vary considerably, depending on their source. Moreover, the problem is mostly observed in poorly-fed animals with high milk production potential. The objectives of this review are to reveal the current situation of ketosis prevalence, the possibility of diagnosis, consequences in dairy cows and to provide some recommendations for ketosis treatment and prevention.

effect of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa leaves on histological and physiological structure in the kidneys of male rats injected with lead acetate intraperitoneally

“…The group that was injected with lead acetate intraperitoneally had a significant increase in the biochemical indicators of kidney function, which include urea, creatinine, uric acid and total protein. Large amounts of urea (Guliński, 2021) or it may be as a result of the formation of free radicals resulting from the peritoneal injection of lead acetate that leads to the oxidation of proteins and amino acids, which results in an increase in the concentration of urea in the blood serum of animals exposed to oxidative stress as a by-product (Xia et al, 2021). Or perhaps due to the breakdown of renal nephrons as a result of the high toxicity of lead acetate (Chakraborty et al, 2013).…”

Investigation of serum leptin, ghrelin, irisin, insulin levels and their correlations in cattle with subclinical ketosis

“…Changes in hormone levels and a reduction in feed consumption have an impact on metabolism throughout the later stages of pregnancy, resulting in a predominantly negative energy balance (Drackley et al, 1999). Ketosis can occur in animals if their energy needs increase and they develop a negative energy balance (NED), which is especially common in high-yielding dairy cattle in the postpartum period (Guliński, 2021).…”

Nutrición animal: Texto de formación universitaria

“…Sus principales síntomas incluyen una cantidad excesiva de los llamados cuerpos cetónicos en los fluidos corporales de una vaca. Los cuerpos cetónicos consisten en ácido βhidroxibutírico (βHBA), ácido acetoacético y acetona (Guliński, 2021). Ocurre en vacas lecheras de alta producción al inicio de lactación, rara vez es fatal.…”

“…La prevención consiste en ofrecer a los animales raciones diarias bien balanceadas con componentes de buena calidad y buena estructura física, y cantidades adecuadas de alimentos. Los rebaños con antecedentes o riesgo de cetosis deben ser alimentados con precursores de glucosa por vía oral, 1 semana antes y 2 semanas después del parto (Guliński, 2021).…”