Key central pattern generators of the spinal cord

Guertin, Pierre A.; Steuer, Inge

doi:10.1002/jnr.22067

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Consequently, motor outputs are flexible, enabling organisms to produce behaviors that are appropriate as internal or external conditions change. The mechanisms by which CPGs are modulated, both by circulating neurohormones and by the outputs of projection neurons, have been studied for many years (reviewed in Brezina 2010;Goulding 2009;Guertin 2009;Guertin and Steuer 2009;Hooper and DiCaprio 2004;Marder 1991Marder , 2000Bucher 2001, 2007;Marder et al 2005;Pearson 2000;Selverston 2010; Selverston and Ayers 2006;Simmers et al 1995;Stein 2009). Neuromodulators can alter intrinsic membrane properties of pattern generating neurons and can modulate the synaptic interactions between them.…”

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confidence: 99%

Related neuropeptides use different balances of unitary mechanisms to modulate the cardiac neuromuscular system in the American lobster,Homarus americanus

Dickinson

Calkins

Stevens

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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To produce flexible outputs, neural networks controlling rhythmic motor behaviors can be modulated at multiple levels, including the pattern generator itself, sensory feedback, and the response of the muscle to a given pattern of motor output. We examined the role of two related neuropeptides, GYSDRNYLRFamide (GYS) and SGRNFLRFamide (SGRN), in modulating the neurogenic lobster heartbeat, which is controlled by the cardiac ganglion (CG). When perfused though an isolated whole heart at low concentrations, both peptides elicited increases in contraction amplitude and frequency. At higher concentrations, both peptides continued to elicit increases in contraction amplitude, but GYS caused a decrease in contraction frequency, while SGRN did not alter frequency. To determine the sites at which these peptides induce their effects, we examined the effects of the peptides on the periphery and on the isolated CG. When we removed the CG and stimulated the motor nerve with constant bursts of stimuli, both GYS and SGRN increased contraction amplitude, indicating that each peptide modulates the muscle or the neuromuscular junction. When applied to the isolated CG, neither peptide altered burst frequency at low peptide concentrations; at higher concentrations, SGRN decreased burst frequency, whereas GYS continued to have no effect on frequency. Together, these data suggest that the two peptides elicit some of their effects using different mechanisms; in particular, given the known feedback pathways within this system, the importance of the negative (nitric oxide) relative to the positive (stretch) feedback pathways may differ in the presence of the two peptides. cardiac ganglion; FMRFamide-like peptide; feedback ADAPTIVE RHYTHMIC BEHAVIOR is determined not only by the output of the nervous system, but also by the interactions of the nervous system with the periphery. Output from the nervous system is transformed into movement at the level of the muscles by way of the neuromuscular transform (Brezina et al. 2000a(Brezina et al. , 2000bBrezina and Weiss 2000;Williams et al. 2013); the resulting movements determine the level and nature of feedback from the periphery, which can in turn affect the output of the nervous system. Thus the generation of rhythmic movements is determined by the integration of activity, inputs, and interactions of multiple components of the multilayered neuromuscular system: the central pattern generator (CPG) and motor neurons, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and muscles, and feedback systems.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Related neuropeptides use different balances of unitary mechanisms to modulate the cardiac neuromuscular system in the American lobster,Homarus americanus

Dickinson

Calkins

Stevens

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…attack, the search for water and sexual behavior) that are triggered in response to stimulation of higher neural structures such as the hypothalamus or the periaqueductal gray region. It has been hypothesized that an integral part of the spinal generator for ejaculation is a group of interneurones, located into the lumbosacral spinal cord, which convert sensory signals into motor and autonomic outputs [5,6]. Thus, a population of interneurons in the central gray of the lumbar segments L3-L4 that could play a pivotal role in the control of ejaculation has been recently identified.…”

Section: Anatomo-physiology Of Ejaculationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Neurogenic Ejaculatory Disorders: Focus on Current and Future Treatments

Calabrò

Polimeni²,

Casella

et al. 2011

RPCN

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Ejaculation is a complex and still poorly understood neurological mechanism, at both spinal and cerebral levels as it is closely associated with orgasm. Physiologically, ejaculation is defined as the expulsion of seminal fluid from the urethral meatus and consists of two phases, namely emission and expulsion. Ejaculation is mediated by a spinal control center, referred to as a spinal pattern generator that coordinates sympathetic, parasympathetic and motor (somatic) outflows, integrating the latter with the inputs from the supraspinal sites in brainstem, hypothalamus and preoptic area. Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common sexual dysfunction among young men, and it has been considered mostly psychogenic in origin, although it can be associated to diverse urological and neurological diseases. On the contrary, retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation are predominantly related to organic causes, particularly to neurogenic ones. Since ejaculation is mostly a spinal reflex, it is comprehensible that ejaculatory disorders are more frequent in spinal cord injury than in other neurological disorders. Over the past decades, research has focused on PE, and evidence from clinical studies showed a beneficial effect of antidepressants for the treatment of men with PE. Other ejaculatory disorders, especially painful ejaculation, have been less investigated and the proper therapy is still controversial. Aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of both currently available treatments and most promising future therapies, including assigned patents, for the neurogenic ejaculatory disorders.

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“…Locomotion is another flexible function. It is largely generated by spinal cord circuits localized, notably, in the lumbar region and called central pattern generators (Guertin and Steuer 2009). These circuits generate basic signals for walking.…”

Section: Spinal Cord Central Canal Niche Physical Exercise and Spinamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spinal Cord Neural Stem Cell Niche

Hugnot¹

2012

Neural Stem Cells and Therapy

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Key central pattern generators of the spinal cord

Cited by 34 publications

References 96 publications

Related neuropeptides use different balances of unitary mechanisms to modulate the cardiac neuromuscular system in the American lobster,Homarus americanus

Related neuropeptides use different balances of unitary mechanisms to modulate the cardiac neuromuscular system in the American lobster,Homarus americanus

Neurogenic Ejaculatory Disorders: Focus on Current and Future Treatments

The Spinal Cord Neural Stem Cell Niche

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