Keys to understanding the El Niño-Oscillation phenomenon in south Mexico

Abstract

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon leaves its mark both in North America and in South America, both in the natural and cultural coastal landscape, where its implications cover the areas: economic, social, political, cultural and institutional. The objective of the present was to expose four keys so that the population understands said phenomenon. The method used was geographical since it exposes the causes, explains the development and its dynamics over time while proposing a solution to mitigate this phenomenon, especially at the local level. The methodology involved office work complemented with field work on the Mexican coast, particularly in Guerrero. Among the results are: a) a global planisphere where the intensity with which the El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the different continents is shown in different colors and b) the climatic variability is increasing, so the negative effects for some people and positive for others will continue. Conclusions: 1) El Niño-Southern Oscillation is recurrent in an average period of two to seven years; the phenomenon is identified between the months between December-March of each year and 2) The link between environmental protection with sustainable development is urgent in order to protect human health, increase biodiversity, sustainable management of fragile ecosystems present in coastal areas.

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“…The working method is related to the fundamentals of Landscape Geography to achieve sustainability. The landscape is crucial because: a) it reflects the physical potential of the territory, b) it is a biological response on which humans act, c) it allows characterizing the territory, d) the fundamental data to classify the geographic enclave is the landscape, and e) it is the backbone of any study that allows obtaining a deep understanding of the territorial system [8]. The Integrated Landscape Analysis method is supported by qualitative techniques such as participant observation and, in a quantitative way, with cartographic techniques.…”

“…Climate change refers to long-term alterations in Earth's climate patterns, primarily attributed to human activities that lead to the accumulation of greenhouse gases. This phenomenon causes a widespread increase in temperatures, changes in sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems [11]. The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other industrial activities are major drivers of climate change.…”