Kinematic and kinetic variable determinants on vertical jump performance: a review

Abstract

The vertical jump is a task performed in various sports modalities and is considered a lower limb power test, that may provide information about the efficacy of several training programs. Although of the various types of jumps, two have been more used: the Squat Jump and the Countermovement Jump. Kinematics and kinetics variables are presented to describe the Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump, however, little is known about which variables are intrinsic in vertical jump performance. Thus, this review has two objectives: 1- Identify the kinetic and kinematic variables of jump analysis and 2- Describe the intervening variables in VJ performance. For the search, the following terms were used “Vertical Jump and Kinetic”, “Vertical Jump and Kinematic”, and “Vertical Jump and Fatigue”. The search was performed between June and July of 2019. The articles of this review were searched in two online databases: PubMed (MEDLINE) and EBSCO (EBSCO Industries Inc.). After the analysis of titles, abstracts and papers, were chosen 70 articles for this review. Although necessary in various motor skills, the maximal force does not predict the vertical jump performance. In contrast, kinetic variables related to power may interfere to performance. For kinematic analysis, the peak angular velocity seems to differentiate performance levels. Few studies defined the predictor variables of this task. Therefore, we suggest the realization of studies with predictive statistics to identify the predict variables of vertical jump and adopting other biomechanical variables, such as the continuous relative phase and temporal and force characteristics during the eccentric and concentric jump phase.

A comparative study of lower limb strength during vertical jump of male college students in table tennis, badminton and tennis

“…Inter-muscular coordination, or the coordinated contraction of the muscles, refers to the way the muscles contract in a task-dependent order [40]. These findings support previous reports that have shown a positive correlation between peak power in a 40-kg conventional jump squat and CMJ height in Australian rules football players [41,42].…”

Mechanical differences between three block jump approaches in NCAA DII college volleyball players

“…The kinetic variables analyzed in this study are good indicators of jump performance, with some more influential than others. Moura and Okazaki (2022), identified that peak power can be the greatest indicator of muscle power during a jump, establishing a positive relationship with jump performance, whereas rate of force development may not predict alone a good jump performance, as it depends on type and velocity of contraction (Moura and Okazaki, 2022). In this present study, chicken wing block and swing block presented the higher values of peak power and max RFD than shuffle block.…”

“…A review article by Moura and Okazaki (2022) mentioned that the squat depth influences the jump height performance. The best jump performance happens when the knee flexion is smaller than 90 degrees, and when the squat reaches a greater depth, the lower the peak force.…”

“…Impulse is also an essential factor for vertical jump performance. The higher the impulse, the higher is the jump height (Moura and Okazaki, 2022).…”

“…In our study, both net impulse means of chicken wing and swing blocks were significantly higher than the shuffle one (Table 3), matching with the greatest jump height results. Moura and Okazaki (2022) also mentioned that high peak force is needed but not enough to achieve good jump height performances. In agreement with Moura and Okazaki (2022), our results showed that the type of jump that presented the highest peak force means had the shortest jumps (i.e., shuffle), while the other two types presented higher jumps with significantly lower peak force means, however with higher peak power.…”