Kinetic study on the catalytic esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol over Amberlite IR-120

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study on the Catalysis of Isobornyl Acetate by a Cation Exchange Resin an Intensified Fixed-Bed Reactor

“…Pseudo-homogeneous model (PH model) [24][25][26][27][28], Eley-Rideal (ER) model [29][30][31], Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) model [32][33][34][35][36] is widely used in resin-catalyzed reactions System. In IFBR, the NKC-9 catalyst particles can be regarded as acid sites.…”

Critical Assessment of the Thermodynamics in Acidic Resin-Catalyzed Esterifications

“…Cross-linked polymer resins, either unmodified or functionalized with specific groups, are used in a broad range of applications, including, among others, water treatment, chromatography, hydrogen storage, and hydrometallurgy. − Additionally, functionalized resins are increasingly used as high-performance heterogeneous catalysts for organic synthesis reactions, such as (trans)­esterifications, etherifications, dehydrations, aldol reactions, Suzuki–Miyaura cross-couplings, phenol alkylations, and so forth. − It should, however, be noted that these materials exhibit a remarkable phenomenon as compared to other types of heterogeneous catalysts. Namely, when a dry resin is allowed to make contact with a liquid, it tends to swell, that is, a portion of the liquid is sorbed by the resin, resulting in an increase of its volume. ,,− The sorption phenomena occurring during the swelling of a resin can be classified into two categories: (i) absorption of liquid into the resin pores and (ii) adsorption of components onto functional groups.…”

“…In 2000, Pöpken et al used a mass-based Langmuir adsorption model to describe the acetic acid esterification with methanol catalyzed by Amberlyst-15 . In 2013, Osorio-Viana et al compared four kinetic models, that is, a pseudohomogeneous one, a traditional LHHW model, the model as proposed by Pöpken et al , and LHHW-type model in which the adsorption of the components is described relative to the adsorption of water for the esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol over Amberlite IR-120 . The latter was found to show the best agreement with the experimental data.…”

“…It should, however, be noted that the thermodynamic nonidealities within the resin pores are not properly considered in the aforementioned kinetic models. In some cases, the thermodynamics are not accounted for at all, but typically, only the thermodynamic nonidealities of the bulk liquid phase are considered. ,,,− In the latter cases, the rate equations are expressed as a function of liquid phase thermodynamic activities, which are calculated via models such as the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model, the universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) model or the UNIQUAC functional-group activity coefficients (UNIFAC) model . As a result, it is implicitly assumed that the selective absorption behavior by the resins does not have a major effect on their catalytic performance or that its effects can adequately be captured by the adsorption coefficients.…”

Synthesis of Solid Acid Catalyst from Fly Ash for Eugenol Esterification

“…However, in some countries the utilization of total fly ash produced is very low [4]. The other applications of fly ash is under developed for examples as catalyst and catalyst support for catalytic cracking [5], esterification [6], trans-esterification [7], dehydration [8], oxidation [9, etc. Esterification reaction are used to produce chemicals such as drugs [10], biodiesel [11], and for food industry [12,13]. Typically, esterification is performed using homogeneous catalysts such H2SO4, H3PO4, and HF [14].…”