Kinetics and microwave-assisted extractive transesterification studies of high octane methyl esters (HOME) from karanja and chicken lard oil using protic deep eutectic solvent

Balaraman, Harish Babu; Rathnasamy, Senthilkumar

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117299

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As previously stated, microwave heating has many appealing characteristics that make it effective for use in biodiesel production including high yield of biodiesel, cleaner output, and a lower catalyst-to-methanol ratio [232]. This is consistent with current findings [234], which study the catalytic transesterification of chicken waste through microwave radiation for biodiesel production. Indeed, a high yield of biodiesel (95%) was obtained only with a lower power consumption (1.4 kW) and a minimal volume of solvent usage (pDES) of 8% at an optimal time of 25 min.…”

Section: Microwave Irradiationsupporting

confidence: 90%

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

et al. 2021

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Biodiesel, comprising mono alkyl fatty acid esters or methyl ethyl esters, is an encouraging option to fossil fuels or diesel produced from petroleum; it has comparable characteristics and its use has the potential to diminish carbon dioxide production and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufactured from recyclable and sustainable feedstocks, e.g., oils originating from vegetation, biodiesel has biodegradable properties and has no toxic impact on ecosystems. The evolution of biodiesel has been precipitated by the continuing environmental damage created by the deployment of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is predominantly synthesised via transesterification and esterification procedures. These involve a number of key constituents, i.e., the feedstock and catalytic agent, the proportion of methanol to oil, the circumstances of the reaction and the product segregation and purification processes. Elements that influence the yield and standard of the obtained biodiesel encompass the form and quantity of the feedstock and reaction catalyst, the proportion of alcohol to feedstock, the temperature of the reaction, and its duration. Contemporary research has evaluated the output of biodiesel reactors in terms of energy production and timely biodiesel manufacture. In order to synthesise biodiesel for industrial use efficaciously, it is essential to acknowledge the technological advances that have significant potential in this sector. The current paper therefore offers a review of contemporary progress, feedstock categorisation, and catalytic agents for the manufacture of biodiesel and production reactors, together with modernised processing techniques. The production reactor, form of catalyst, methods of synthesis, and feedstock standards are additionally subjects of discourse so as to detail a comprehensive setting pertaining to the chemical process. Numerous studies are ongoing in order to develop increasingly efficacious techniques for biodiesel manufacture; these acknowledge the use of solid catalytic agents and non-catalytic supercritical events. This review appraises the contemporary situation with respect to biodiesel production in a range of contexts. The spectrum of techniques for the efficacious manufacture of biodiesel encompasses production catalysed by homogeneous or heterogeneous enzymes or promoted by microwave or ultrasonic technologies. A description of the difficulties to be surmounted going forward in the sector is presented.

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Section: Microwave Irradiationsupporting

confidence: 90%

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, the solvent or catalyst used can also be recycled and reused [ 102 ]. The concept of eutectic solvent is to equip the solvent with appropriate hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor to maximize the interaction between the solvent and substrate for methylation [ 103 ]. Control of the ratio of methanol, solvent, and oil is an important key not to over-dilute the mixture or not to provide insufficient acyl acceptor medium.…”

Section: Intensification Of Microwave-combined Reactor Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the application of microwave increases the coalescence of the fatty acid acyl donor under acidified conditions, thus improving the mass transfer area for interaction of these components. This would lead to a feasibility of the formation of biodiesel due to the enhanced interaction [ 103 ].…”

Section: Intensification Of Microwave-combined Reactor Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It took 6.4 h using microwave, while the reaction reached 8 h with a slightly lower yield under conventional heating. The used of imidazolium-based ILs was more well-known to be productive for the extraction and transesterification reaction of algae [ 103 , 105 , 106 ]. However, Olkiewicz et al [ 108 ] advocates the concern on the imidazolium-based IL price is relatively more expensive than the phosphonium-based IL.…”

Section: Intensification Of Microwave-combined Reactor Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review

et al. 2021

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Biodiesels and biolubricants are synthetic esters produced mainly via a transesterification of other esters from bio-based resources, such as plant-based oils or animal fats. Microwave heating has been used to enhance transesterification reaction by converting an electrical energy into a radiation, becoming part of the internal energy acquired by reactant molecules. This method leads to major energy savings and reduces the reaction time by at least 60% compared to a conventional heating via conduction and convection. However, the application of microwave heating technology alone still suffers from non-homogeneous electromagnetic field distribution, thermally unstable rising temperatures, and insufficient depth of microwave penetration, which reduces the mass transfer efficiency. The strategy of integrating multiple technologies for biodiesel and biolubricant production has gained a great deal of interest in applied chemistry. This review presents an advanced transesterification process that combines microwave heating with other technologies, namely an acoustic cavitation, a vacuum, ionic solvent, and a supercritical/subcritical approach to solve the limitations of the stand-alone microwave-assisted transesterification. The combined technologies allow for the improvement in the overall product yield and energy efficiency. This review provides insights into the broader prospects of microwave heating in the production of bio-based products.

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“…The quantification of the fatty acid methyl esters was performed by normalization of the peak areas in according to [82,83].…”

Section: Fatty Acid Profile By Gas Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Experimental Parameters on the Extraction of Grape Seed Oil Obtained by Low Pressure and Supercritical Fluid Extraction

et al. 2020

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Grape seeds are an important byproduct from the grape process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of experimental parameters (temperature and time of pretreatment with ultrasound) to obtain grape seed oil using low pressure (Soxhlet-Sox and Bligh Dyer-BD) and high pressure (supercritical carbon dioxide-SFE) methods. The best condition for pretreatment of samples was 30 min of sonication at 30 °C before extraction by Sox or BD. Ultrasound pretreatment was efficient to increase oil extraction yield by 32.10 (Sox), 20.31 (BD) and 12.54% (SFE), depending on the extraction method used as well as, and certainly influenced the total phenolic concentration in 311 (Sox), 234 (BD), and 184 (SFE)%. Ten fatty acids were identified in the oils, the major ones being 18:2ω-6cis (linoleic 52.39%–63.12%), 16:0 (palmitic 20.22%–26.80%) and 18:0 (stearic 8.52%–13.68%). The highest epicatechin concentration was identified in the BD sample: 30-30 (150.49 ± 5.98mg/kg), which presented a concentration of ≥3 times compared to the control (56.68 ± 1.81mg/kg). Ultrasound pretreatment also contributed positively (56% and 99% increase) in the α-tocopherol content of the SFE: 30-30 and BD: 30-30 samples, respectively. The results indicate that the ultrasound pretreatment is a suitable technology to improve the quality of the oil from the grape seed.

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Kinetics and microwave-assisted extractive transesterification studies of high octane methyl esters (HOME) from karanja and chicken lard oil using protic deep eutectic solvent

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review

Effect of Experimental Parameters on the Extraction of Grape Seed Oil Obtained by Low Pressure and Supercritical Fluid Extraction

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