Kinetics of Emulsion Polymerization

Abstract

As a basis for understanding emulsion polymerization, the kinetics of free radical reactions in isolated loci is discussed subject to the condition that the free radicals are supplied to the loci from an external source. Three cases of interest are considered: that in which the average number of free radicals per locus is small compared with unity, that in which this number approximates one-half, and that in which the number is large. Of these three possibilities, the second, in which the free radicals per locus approximate one-half, is by far the most interesting as it explains in a satisfactory manner the characteristic features of styrene emulsion polymerization. For this case the average rate of reaction per locus is independent of the size of the locus, since this rate is simply one-half the rate of polymerization of a single free radical. Thus the rate of emulsion polymerization, the concentration of monomer in the loci, and the number of loci present provide the information needed for calculating the chain propagation constant for the monomer. A simplified treatment is given for approximating the number of reaction loci (polymer particles) produced in emulsion polymerization when the rate of polymerization per locus is constant (see case 2 above). The law obtained indicates that the number of particles should increase with the soap concentration (3/5ths power) and with the rate of formation of free radicals (2/5ths power), but should decrease with increasing rate of growth of the free radicals (−2/5ths power).

Polimerização RAFT em Miniemulsão

“…Embora os diferentes tipos de emulsões poliméricas gerem ao final do processo de polimerização partículas com tamanhos característicos, esses sistemas não são definidos principalmente pela faixa de gota/partícula gerado ao longo do processo, mas sim pelo mecanismo envolvido na formação dessas gotas/ partículas [37] . As macro-emulsões, comumente conhecidas apenas como emulsões poliméricas, possuem um mecanismo de reação bastante particular [38][39][40][41][42] . Neste sistema, o processo de emulsificação gera inicialmente gotas de monômero de tamanho micrométrico, que, estabilizadas por surfactantes, funcionam como um reservatório de monômero do sistema.…”

Surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of styrene using crosslinked seed particles

“…Compared to bulk processes, it has the advantage that more conventional equipment can be used and much higher concentrations can be handled than in solution polymerization. One disadvantage is the relatively large amount of surfactants required [1,2]. This adds to the cost of raw materials, may result in additional waste-water treatment, and, in some instances, it gives rise to undesired contaminants in the end product.…”

Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate

“…The time evolution equations for zero-one kinetics are a trivial subset of the complete Smith-Ewart equations 89 , namely:…”