“…Secretory Klotho (SKL) and heparin were cross-linked with SIS to prepare tissue-engineered bioactive small vessels and functionalized SIS small vessels promoted the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells by up-regulating the expression of RhoA and Rac1 in endothelial cells. Shows an increase in patency rate, endothelialization, and smooth muscle regeneration in a rabbit carotid model [ 108 ].…”
Section: Sis Modificationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This led to better platelet adhesion and hence improved small vessel permeability. After three months of being implanted in a rabbit carotid bypass model, the SKL-modified vascular grafts retained patency, decreased thrombosis formation, and facilitated epithelialization [ 108 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Tissue Repair Using Functional Sismentioning
“…Secretory Klotho (SKL) and heparin were cross-linked with SIS to prepare tissue-engineered bioactive small vessels and functionalized SIS small vessels promoted the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells by up-regulating the expression of RhoA and Rac1 in endothelial cells. Shows an increase in patency rate, endothelialization, and smooth muscle regeneration in a rabbit carotid model [ 108 ].…”
Section: Sis Modificationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This led to better platelet adhesion and hence improved small vessel permeability. After three months of being implanted in a rabbit carotid bypass model, the SKL-modified vascular grafts retained patency, decreased thrombosis formation, and facilitated epithelialization [ 108 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Tissue Repair Using Functional Sismentioning
“…The Klotho (KL) gene was cross-linked with heparin to the acellular small intestinal submucosa (SIS) [53]. In vivo experiments demonstrated enhanced adhesion of the endothelial cells on the SIS membrane, resulting in increased patency rate, endothelialization, and smooth muscle regeneration, which indicates improved hemocompatibility.…”
Section: Recent Development Of Heparin-immobilized Dialysis Membranesmentioning
Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining extracorporeal blood purifying treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. However, this membrane-based therapy is associated with acute side effects, life-threatening chronic conditions, and unacceptably high morbidity and mortality rates. Numerous surface coatings have been developed to improve the blood compatibility of biomaterials. Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant substance that increases the clotting time and increases the membrane hemocompatibility in terms of platelet adhesion and protein adsorption and anti-clotting activity. However, using heparin is challenging due to its severe or life-threatening side effects such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), in addition to heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT). In addition, heparin is strongly electronegative and exhibits a binding affinity for the positive active sites of human serum proteins, which is an additional challenge. Consequently, covalently immobilized heparin would create a more charged surface to induce more blood–membrane interactions, and consequently more adsorbed human serum proteins and biochemical pathway activations, which can negatively affect dialysis patients. Therefore, the current critical review has thoroughly focused on different heparin HD membrane systems, the challenges of heparin-coated dialysis membranes, and the factors affecting its hemocompatibility, in addition to the methods that can be used to enhance its hemocompatibility. Furthermore, this review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of heparin-grafted methods. Furthermore, the influence of the heparin-immobilization method on the hemocompatibility and performance of the HD membrane was comprehensively analyzed. Finally, we conclude with the future perspectives for the strategies toward the heparinization and heparin-like/mimicking modification of membrane surfaces.
“…In the past two decades, significant strides have been achieved in the fabrication of small-diameter blood vessels as a viable alternative for blood vessel replacement therapies. − However, the successful endothelialization of small-diameter artificial blood vessels remains a major challenge. − Endothelial cells are vital in preserving vascular health, as they prevent clot formation and facilitate vessel integration. Unfortunately, insufficient endothelialization can consequently elevate the risk of thrombosis and other adverse events.…”
The production of small-diameter artificial vascular
grafts continues
to encounter numerous challenges, with concerns regarding the degradation
rate and endothelialization being particularly critical. In this study,
porous PCL scaffolds were prepared, and PCL vascular grafts were fabricated
by 3D bioprinting of collagen materials containing adipose-derived
mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) on the internal wall of the porous
PCL scaffold. The PCL vascular grafts were then implanted in the abdominal
aorta of Rhesus monkeys for up to 640 days to analyze the degradation
of the scaffolds and regeneration of the aorta. Changes in surface
morphology, mechanical properties, crystallization property, and molecular
weight of porous PCL revealed a similar degradation process of PCL
in PBS at pH 7.4 containing Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase and in situ in the abdominal aorta of rhesus monkeys. The
contrast of in vitro and in vivo degradation provided valuable reference data for predicting in vivo degradation based on in vitro enzymatic
degradation of PCL for further optimization of PCL vascular graft
fabrication. Histological analysis through hematoxylin and eosin (HE)
staining and fluorescence immunostaining demonstrated that the PCL
vascular grafts successfully induced vascular regeneration in the
abdominal aorta over the 640-day period. These findings provided valuable
insights into the regeneration processes of the implanted vascular
grafts. Overall, this study highlights the significant potential of
PCL vascular grafts for the regeneration of small-diameter blood vessels.
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