Knowledge and Attitude toward Medication Error among Pharmacists

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and attitude toward medication error (ME) among pharmacists working in public health care institutions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacists working in public health care institutions. Respondents were randomly recruited from 5 hospitals and 25 primary healthcare clinics in the state of Pahang, Malaysia. A set of self-administered questionnaires was used to assess their knowledge and attitude, distributed as a web-based survey. Knowledge and attitude toward ME reporting were assessed using five-point Likert-scale. This study was conducted between May and July 2019. Results: A total of 186 respondents participated in the study. A majority of respondents were female (n = 144). About 90% of the respondents had good score on knowledge on ME. Only 25.4% of the respondents had favorable attitude toward ME reporting. Female pharmacists ( P = .001), more experienced pharmacists ( P = .012) and those working in primary health clinics ( P = .014) were associated with more favorable attitude. Knowledge did not correlate well with attitude toward ME reporting (r = 0.08, P = .29). Conclusion: Despite having good knowledge on ME, the attitude toward ME reporting was still very poor among the pharmacists.

Bio-based crotonic acid production from wastewater

“…They are commonly used in cosmetic and hair styling products. Apart from this, CA finds further applications in industries such as coatings, paint, textile, binders, adhesives, flocculants, ceramics and agrochemicals [66].…”

“…On industrial scale, CA is currently produced in a non-renewable pathway from fossil oil, requiring many synthesis steps which is a major drawback in the production process. It begins with the ethylene production by naphtha cracking, followed by the oxidation of ethylene into acetaldehyde, aldol condensation of acetaldehyde into acetaldol, dehydration of acetaldol into crotonaldehyde and lastly oxidation of crotonaldehyde into CA [65][66][67]. After all these steps, the current yield of CA is only 30%.…”

“…Research has been done into bio-based CA. Several bacterial species (Ralstonia Eutropha, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium Glutamicum and Clostridium Acetobutilicum) are capable of producing CA [66,68]. However, the quantitative yield and purity of CA were not reported, and a proper separation method is still needed to recover CA from the fermentation broth.…”

“…Mamat et al [66] proposed a different bio-based method, namely by direct pyrolysis of PHB, obtained from the fermentation broth of Cupriavidus Necactor. They found a yield of 63% CA which is about 30% higher than the conventional petrochemical route.…”

“…Depolymerization of PHA can be achieved by hydrolysis, alcoholysis and thermolysis, resulting in 2-hydroxyalkanoic acids, 2-hydroxyalkanoic esters and 2-alkenoic acids, respectively. So far, production of CA and cis-CA [66,[69][70][71][72][73][74], methyl acrylate [75], methyl crotonate [75,76], propylene [77][78][79], 3hydroxybutyric acid [66,70], methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate [80], cyclic and linear oligomers [69,81], and hydrocarbon oil [82] from PHB depolymerization have been reported. PHBV is the main bio-polymer which can be obtained by MMC.…”