Knowledge Organization Systems for the Representation of Multimedia Resources on the Web: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract

The lack of standardization in the production, organization and dissemination of information in documentation centers and institutions alike, as a result from the digitization of collections and their availability on the internet has called for integration efforts. The sheer availability of multimedia content has fostered the development of many distinct and, most of the time, independent metadata standards for its description. This study aims at presenting and comparing the existing standards of metadata, vocabularies and ontologies for multimedia annotation and also tries to offer a synthetic overview of its main strengths and weaknesses, aiding efforts for semantic integration and enhancing the findability of available multimedia resources on the web. We also aim at unveiling the characteristics that could, should and are perhaps not being highlighted in the characterization of multimedia resources.

Information organization and representation in digital cultural heritage in Brazil: Systematic mapping of information infrastructure in digital collections for data science applications

“…In addition, Knowledge organization systems aimed at tagging and linking online multimedia resources F I G U R E 1 Representation of digital collections: from metadata to semantic annotation (Catalano et al, 2020;Hyvönen et al, 2016;Lemos & Souza, 2020;Messaoudi et al, 2018;Robledano-Arillo et al, 2020) are designed based on a set of principles and technologies to support the publication of open data on the web, known as linked open data (LOD) (Bizer et al, 2009;Machado et al, 2019), as indicated in Figure 1.…”

“…With the advent of the World Wide Web, known simply as the web and invented in the early 90s by Tim Berners‐Lee, collections of digital objects have grown considerably in their different types, formats, and complexity. In this new multimedia scenario, texts, static, and moving images, videos, sounds, three‐dimensional (3D) models, websites, and other specific media require different forms of processing and representation to link multimedia documents and improve search, browsing, and retrieval systems using aggregating semantic approaches to web resources, in order for users to obtain relevant results (Lemos & Souza, 2020).…”

“…As such, the emergence of KOS to enable information retrieval from a wide range of environments is justified in that it aims to standardize data entry, facilitate the search strategy and, consequently, improve user interaction with the information retrieval system, making the use of KOS in information organization practices a good practice in terms of representation of multimedia resources on the web (Lemos & Souza, 2020). Its use also has direct benefits for DS research.…”

“…In this way, identifying information sources for DH research that provide data on collections and allow their reuse through their availability in open interoperable formats is also an important issue for information science (IS). In short, both fields (DH and IS) have an investigative interest in epistemological bases associated with information behavior (Clement & Carter, 2017) and, to a certain extent, use the theoretical and methodological principles of information and knowledge organization (Clement & Carter, 2017; Guizzardi, 2020; Lemos & Souza, 2020) to treat and retrieve information with a focus on the user. This is confirmed by Borko (1968) and Saracevic (1999), who reported that IS promotes research on the properties and behavior of information, the forces that govern its flow and the methods used to process it in order to improve its accessibility and use in a social, institutional, or individual context whenever there is a need for information.…”

A Survey on Multimedia Ontologies for a Semantic Annotation of Cinematographic Resources for the Web of Data

“…The semantic web has improved the understanding of knowledge representation. It enables computers to comprehend web material and provide a clear meaning in relation to the desired application [9]. By providing high quality video metadata, the semantic web can be searched for information more effectively.…”