“…The World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) Director General, David Howman, has even accepted that doping has links to organized crime and has admitted the problem is "too big for sport to manage" (Gibson, 2013). The scholarly community has contributed extensively to documenting the culture of doping in sport, particularly in cycling (Hoberman, 2002;Christiansen, 2005;Schneider, 2006;Brissonneau et al, 2008;Paolo & Donati, 2014). However, Fincoeur, van de Ven, and Mulrooney (2014) argue that "Criminology as a discipline has yet to sufficiently explore the problem of doping, and in particular the The prohibition around, and punishment of, the use of performance-enhancing substances has traditionally been dealt with by sport regulatory bodies, whether via individual governing bodies or WADA, since its inception in 1999.…”