L'utilisation du dina comme outil de gouvernance des ressources naturelles : leçons tirés de Velondriake, sud-ouest de Madagascar

Abstract

Mots clés : aire marine protégée, aire protégée communautaire, dina, gouvernance, Madagascar, ressources naturelles Abstract In order to reduce conflict between national laws and local customs and social norms (known as dina), the government of Madagascar has progressively decentralised the governance of natural resources to local levels. Rules regarding resource use within contractual management transfers and co-managed protected areas are defined within dina, which can be legally recognised. In this paper we describe and critically analyse the establishment and enforcement procedures of a dina created to govern resource use within Velondriake, a community-managed marine protected area in southwestern Madagascar. The dina was developed by community members and ratified in a court of law to become legally binding. It has hierarchical enforcement procedures, starting at the village level but with recourse to higher levels should local enforcement fail. We discuss several problems with the dina creation and its enforcement procedures, as well as proposed solutions; these include overcoming social cohesion (fihavanana), contradictions with pre-existing national law, and applying the dina against migrants. We conclude by reviewing the use of dina elsewhere in Madagascar, and argue that dina imposed by external agencies, when not aligned with community aspirations, will result in poor compliance with the rules. Velondriake avoided such problems through a fully participatory, inclusive approach to dina creation.

Diversity and coverage of seagrass ecosystems in south-west Madagascar

“…Beach-seining is illegal inside Velondriake Error bars denote SE (Andriamalala and Gardner 2010), but itinerant fishers from Morombe, a town to the north of the LMMA, were seen employing this gear at northern sites during the survey period, and it is possible that they use the same techniques in the southern regions. Community members also indicated reduced motivation to conserve the seagrass meadows when they saw intruders exploit them, despite relying on the meadows themselves for fish and octopus.…”

Challenges for Community-Based Forest Management in the KoloAla Site Manompana

“…Individuals depend on the ancestral systems of fiahavanana (Andrianananja and others 2006). As each individual depends on this network, it is often impossible to betray someone of the same ''family'' (Andriamalala and Gardner 2010;Sodikoff 2009). Similarly, it is difficult to exclude neighbouring populations from access to the many resources of forests (McConnell and Sweeney 2005).…”

“…This unity does not refer to a homogenous interest group with clear boundaries and natural resource allocation. Andriamalala and Gardner (2010) noted that if natural resources are managed by several social groups, complications and conflicts arise. We suggest that this will be the case in Manompana as long as forests are managed by COBAs that are not related to lineages.…”

“…Despite this legal affirmation, the principal rules and regulations are imposed by the state under KoloAla, as in former approaches for management transfers (Serpantié and others 2008). In many cases, important customary or ancestral rights are ignored by external NGOs while others are adapted to legal state rules, which lead to a deceptive understanding of CBFM by the local population and thus to conflicts (Andriamalala and Gardner 2010;Kull 2004). Traditional tenure rights are still mostly ignored by CBFM approaches (Muttenzer 2006a, b).…”

“…KoloAla is a recently developed approach to protect forests and people alike by means of sustainable, decentralized, community-based forest management (CBFM). To date, community-based forest management projects have rarely been successful in Madagascar (Ballet and others 2007;Froger and others 2004;Pollini 2010), often because they do not offer sufficient financial incentives to local peoples (Hockley and Andriamarovololona 2007) or they are hindered by socio-cultural problems (Andriamalala and Gardner 2010;Kull 2004). Based on these findings, the question arises as to how the concept of KoloAla will confront these challenges of community-based forest management (CBFM), and how much it differs from the already broad range of concepts and approaches that have been tried before.…”