Laboratory Dose Confirmation of Copper Sulfate for Treating Fungus on Channel Catfish Eggs

Straus, David L.; Mitchell, Andrew J.; Radomski, Andrew A.; Carter, Ray R.; Steeby, James A.

doi:10.1577/a08-058.1

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Compounds previously evaluated in this system include copper sulphate (CuSO 4 ), diquat (C 12 H 12 N 2 Br 2 ), formalin (CH 3 OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) (Mitchell et al. 2009; Straus et al. 2009a,b; Mitchell et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peracetic acid is effective for controlling fungus on channel catfish eggs

Straus

Meinelt

Farmer

et al. 2012

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Peracetic acid (PAA) is a relatively new compound suggested for use to treat pathogens in aquaculture. It is approved for use in Europe, but not in the United States. This study determined the effectiveness of PAA for fungus control on channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), eggs. The study consisted of five PAA concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20mgL(-1) ) and an untreated control in a flow-through system. A single spawn was used for each replication (N =4). Eggs were treated twice daily until the embryos developed eyes. When hatching was complete for all viable eggs, fry were counted to determine the percent survival in each treatment. Fungal growth was severe in the untreated controls resulting in 11% survival. Treatments of 2.5, 5 and 10mgL(-1) PAA were significantly different from the controls (P<0.05). The highest percent survival of hatched fry was with 5mgL(-1) PAA administered twice daily; the 2.5mgL(-1) PAA treatment had slightly less survival, but gives a higher margin of safety in case of treatment error. Very little fungus was present in treatments receiving 2.5mgL(-1) PAA or higher, and concentrations of 15 and 20mgL(-1) PAA were toxic to the eggs. The mean survivals in the 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20mgL(-1) PAA treatments were 11%, 60%, 63%, 62%, 32% and 0%, respectively. Therefore, PAA may be a compound that merits further investigations regarding its use in U.S. aquaculture.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peracetic acid is effective for controlling fungus on channel catfish eggs

Straus

Meinelt

Farmer

et al. 2012

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…In our system, all four treatments were subjected to similar conditions except that the CSP treatment was stopped at the eyed stage, whereas the other treatments continued until hatch. The CSP treatment was stopped at the eyed stage because the applications of CSP in previous range-finding and dose confirmation studies (Straus et al 2009a(Straus et al , 2009b were also made only until eggs were eyed. The rationale used by Straus et al (2009aStraus et al ( , 2009b to stop treatments at the eyed stage was that some embryos within the same rearing unit may be hatching and the CSP dose might be toxic to the fry (Straus 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CSP treatment was stopped at the eyed stage because the applications of CSP in previous range-finding and dose confirmation studies (Straus et al 2009a(Straus et al , 2009b were also made only until eggs were eyed. The rationale used by Straus et al (2009aStraus et al ( , 2009b to stop treatments at the eyed stage was that some embryos within the same rearing unit may be hatching and the CSP dose might be toxic to the fry (Straus 2008). The difference in duration among chemical treatments in this case, however, is minimal as the CSP treatments were applied for 5 d (trial 1) and 6 d (trial 2) compared with 7 d for all other treatments in trials 1 and 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other two samples were either placed in vials containing 95% molecular-grade ethanol or cultured on yeast peptone sucrose agar containing streptomycin sulfate and chloramphenicol. Final identification of fungal species was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR; White et al 1990;Mitchell et al 2009;Straus et al 2009b). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Formalin (New Animal Drug Application [NADA] number 141-255) and H 2 O 2 (NADA numbers 137-687, 140-989, and 200-414) have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labels for 15-min treatments against external saprolegniasis on warmwater finfish eggs at a rate of 1,000-2,000 mg/ L of water for formalin and 750-1,000 mg/L for H 2 O 2 . Diquat and CSP are not labeled for use on eggs with fungi, but efforts are underway at the Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center (HKDSNARC) to obtain an FDA label for copper sulfate on channel catfish eggs (Straus et al 2009b). Except for H 2 O 2 , there are few data concerning the use of these chemicals on channel catfish eggs.…”

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Comparison of Percent Hatch and Fungal Infestation in Channel Catfish Eggs after Copper Sulfate, Diquat Bromide, Formalin, and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment

et al. 2010

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Reduced survival of fish eggs is often a result of infestation with fungi Saprolegnia spp. However, timely chemical treatments often limit these infestations and increase survival. The effect of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP; 10 mg of CSP/L of water), diquat bromide (25 mg of diquat cation/L), formalin (433 mg/L), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 250 mg/L) on percent hatch and fungal infestation in eggs of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was compared in two identical trials (five replicates for each chemical treatment per trial). The percent hatch in all chemical treatments was significantly better than percent hatch of the controls. The amount of fungal coverage on egg masses treated with CSP, formalin, and H2O2 was significantly less than that observed on the controls. Although not statistically different from the other treatments, H2O2 at 250 mg/L exhibited the highest average percent hatch (64%; control hatch = 34%), the lowest fungal coverage (1.5 cm; control coverage = 7.2 cm), and the lowest occurrence of fungi (50%; control occurrence = 100%) among the treatments.

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Toxicity of Copper Sulfate to Largemouth Bass Fry in Naturally Soft Water

et al. 2023

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The use of copper sulfate pentahydrate (herein, designated CuSO4) for fungus control on fish embryos is extremely effective and economical for farmers in waters with moderate or high alkalinity/hardness; however, fry toxicity in low alkalinity/hardness waters is a concern. The present study determined the acute toxicity of CuSO4 to Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides in naturally soft water (42 mg/L alkalinity [as CaCO3], 41 mg/L hardness [as CaCO3]). Median lethal concentration (LC50) values at 24 h were 3.97 mg/L CuSO4 for yolk‐sac fry and 5.24 mg/L CuSO4 for swim‐up fry. Most importantly for farmers, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC; the highest concentration tested to not cause fry mortality) was 0.625 mg/L CuSO4 for both stages of fry. Regarding the safe use of CuSO4 for fungus control on Largemouth Bass embryos, this research was done to demonstrate CuSO4 toxicity to Largemouth Bass fry in soft water.

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Laboratory Dose Confirmation of Copper Sulfate for Treating Fungus on Channel Catfish Eggs

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Peracetic acid is effective for controlling fungus on channel catfish eggs

Peracetic acid is effective for controlling fungus on channel catfish eggs

Comparison of Percent Hatch and Fungal Infestation in Channel Catfish Eggs after Copper Sulfate, Diquat Bromide, Formalin, and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment

Toxicity of Copper Sulfate to Largemouth Bass Fry in Naturally Soft Water

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